scholarly journals Occurrence of Dog Bites and Rabies within Humans in Srinagar, Kashmir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namera Thahaby ◽  
Afzal Hoque Akand ◽  
Abdul Hai Bhat ◽  
Shabeer Ahmed Hamdani ◽  
Mudasir Ali Rather
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
Srinagar City ◽  
The City

Open garbage dumps and dog bite are public health impasse in the Kashmir region. In Srinagar city, there are more than 91,000 dogs. It’s making one dog for every 12 citizens. Conversely, there are more than 80,000 dog bites, are reported in the valley. The present study was conceded in Srinagar district. It is solidly colonized with stray dog population perhaps due to mismanagement of garbage. The mounting street dog population is leading increasing fright in the city. The information recorded for Dog bite cases was collected from SMHS. The mainstream victims were males. The majority were bitten in the age group of 30–40. The majority had reported at the same day to the hospital. The time of exposure was evening. The bulk had bites on legs. Category 3 bites were seen with the majority people. The majority receive immunoglobins. Open garbage dumps are a public health impediment and they instigate to stray dogs propagation in Srinagar. Individual’s information should be enhanced and their sanguine attitude might be translated into pertinent practices for preclusion of rabies.

scholarly journals A Retrospective Study on Dog Bite Associated Rabies in Human and the Use of Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Nepal during 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Pushkar Pal ◽  
Hiroshi Shimoda ◽  
Rajendra Bashyal ◽  
Adisorn Yawongsa ◽  
Theera Rukkwamsuk
Keyword(s):  
Population Management ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

A 10-year (2008-2017) retrospective canine-mediated human rabies epidemiology was studied to assess the burden of rabies in Nepal. To this end, the number of dog bites, the use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and human death records from 2008 to 2017 were retrieved from Sukraraj Tropical Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings revealed that the number of human rabies occurrences was consistent with minor fluctuations throughout the study period. There were 252,297 dog bite cases in humans recorded between 2008 and 2017. Every month, 2,102 people were bitten by mostly stray dogs. There was a gradual increase in PEP use throughout 10 years. On average, 36,995 PEP dosages were used per year for stray dog bites. The PEP consumption and the number of human deaths were negatively correlated. A total of 482 human rabies deaths were recorded in Nepal during the study period. On average, 49 people died of canine-mediated rabies each year. Although there was an increase in the use of PEP, the number of human deaths and street dog bites recorded were still high. The high mortality due to rabies could then be attributed to the flawed surveillance system and stray dog population management, and not merely the lack of PEP services. Hence, it is recommended that the government agencies and other concerned stakeholders should organize mass vaccination and population management program for stray dogs in order to reduce the country’s rabies burden.

scholarly journals A study on dog bite incidence in Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
V. Khan ◽  
D. B. Zala ◽  
K. M. Joshi ◽  
V.K. Das
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Union Territory

The injuries caused by dog bites have grown to such epidemic proportions that they are now considered a major public health concern. The epidemiology of dog bites in the UT of Dadra & Nagar Haveli has been evaluated, for the year 2012. This assessment included victims age, sex, biting site and season of the year. During the study, a total of 938 dog bites, were reported from aforesaid place. Of all the dog bites reported, 39.6% victim belonged to age group upto 0-15 year (children) and 60.4% were more than 15 years old (adults). The majority of the incidents 40.8% occurred during the pre monsoon period (1-20 weeks). There was no case of rabies. There is a need to educate the public about the magnitude of dog-bite problems, enforce leash laws and impound stray dogs as an integral part of prevention programs.

scholarly journals Insights about the Epidemiology of Dog Bites in a Canadian City Using a Dog Aggression Scale and Administrative Data

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Caffrey ◽  
Melanie Rock ◽  
Olivia Schmidtz ◽  
Doug Anderson ◽  
Melissa Parkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
The City ◽  
Bite Injuries

Dog bites are a public health concern that also implicates animal welfare, with negative outcomes such as rehoming or euthanasia for the animals responsible. Previous research has shown that the severity of dog-bite injuries reflects multiple factors, including the degree of inhibition exhibited by dogs and how people behave towards dogs. This study utilizes an objective dog bite injury assessment tool: The Dunbar aggression scale. Trained officers employed by The City of Calgary systematically use the Dunbar scale whenever investigating dog-bite complaints. We analyzed The City of Calgary’s administrative data on confirmed dog-bite injuries in people, 2012–2017, with a multivariable generalized ordered logistic regression model. Severe dog-bite injuries occurred more frequently in the family home than in any other setting. Young children, youths and older adults were at higher risk of more serious bites than adults. There has been a decreasing trend in the probability of a high or medium severity bite, and an increasing trend in the probability of a low severity bite since 2012. These results indicate that greater public awareness regarding dog-bite injuries is needed. Consideration should be given to campaigns targeted towards different demographics, including older adults, to provide an understanding of dog behaviour and to emphasize the need to supervise children closely in the presence of all dogs at all times, including family dogs in the home environment. Given that dog-bite injuries are not just a public health issue, but also an animal welfare issue, we endorse One Health responses in educational campaigns, policy development, and professional practice.

Pattern and Outcome of Dog Bite Injuries among Children-a Study in 200 Cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Md Waliur Rahman ◽  
◽  
Md Habibullah Sarkar ◽  
Samir Kumar Talukder ◽  
Md Joynal Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Bite Injuries

Introduction: Dog bites in humans are a major public health problem. Globally, millions of people are bitten by dogs but most of the fatal cases occur in children. Dog bites in human are a serious public health problem and have been well documented worldwide. As rabies is not a notifiable disease in Bangladesh and most deaths occur in rural areas where surveillance is poor. Objectives: To determine the pattern of dog bite injuries and associated health problems among children. Methods: The study was an observational retrospective study carried out at the Dept. of General Surgery, Chuadanga Sadar Hospital, Chuadanga, Bangladesh. The study reviewed the clinical data of patients managed for dog bite related injuries and rabies over a four and half year period between January 2016 and June 2020. A proforma was designed to extract relevant clinical data from the case records. Information extracted included the age, sex of the victims, site of the bite, time of presentation in the hospital, pre-hospital treatment, hospital treatment including post-exposure prophylaxis and complication. Results: In all, 200 cases of dog bite injuries were managed constituting 0.89% of the total consultations; 5 (2.5%) had rabies. Most of the victims were aged 6-12 years (55.0%) and majority (67.0%) was boys. Eighty two percent of the victims presented within 24hrs of the injury. 92 (46.0%) had WHO grade 3 dog bite injury at presentation and the lower limb was the commonest (56.0%) bite site. Use of herbal preparation was the most common pre-hospital treatment 60%. Although 95.0% received anti-rabies vaccine, only 55.5% of them completed the vaccination schedule. The case fatality rate for dog bite was 5.0%. The 5 that died all presented late, had no post exposure prophylaxis and died within 24 hours of admission. Conclusion: There is need for public enlightenment on dangers associated with dog bites and also for the government to ensure vaccination for cost of post exposure prophylaxis treatment for children free of cost

scholarly journals Multisectoral approach to achieve canine rabies controlled zone using Intervention Mapping: Preliminary results

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242937
Author(s):  
Vaishali Gautam ◽  
Pankaj Bhardwaj ◽  
Deepak Saxena ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Dileepan S.
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Intervention Mapping ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Stray Dog

Background Annually, in India, millions of dog bite cases occur; most of them are inflicted by a stray dog. There are over 25 million dogs in the country. The rate of stray dog vaccination is suboptimal in India. This study aims to develop an intervention strategy, using Intervention Mapping framework, tailored for the target community to achieve canine rabies controlled zone. Methodology This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care Medical Institute at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, from 2018–2019. The semi-structured, In-Depth Discussion was conducted with a multidisciplinary planning group comprising of members from veterinary, health, and administrative sectors. The In-Depth Discussion focused on knowledge regarding complete stray dog vaccination schedule, self-efficacy (to prevent dog bites), challenges, and barriers faced by residents to achieve canine rabies controlled zone. Further, discussion with veterinary stakeholders focused on challenges faced for rigorous implementation of stray dog vaccination and sterilization. Results In-Depth Discussion revealed the following challenges: Lack of participation by the study population for canine vaccination, incomplete knowledge about annual canine vaccination schedule, lack of understanding of dog gestures, lack of infrastructure and resources at veterinary hospitals. The majority of the dogs in the study area were stray dogs that were partially or non-vaccinated and non-sterilized. An intersectoral collaboration was achieved between the community members, veterinary stakeholders both private and Non-Governmental organisations, and heath sector. Following which 35 (76.0%) stray dogs were vaccinated, and 17 (35.4%) were sterilized with community support. Burden of dog bite cases also decreased. The stray dog density map was prepared, and community engagement activity on dog gestures was conducted. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving canine rabies controlled zone. When implemented in a phase-wise manner across all Medical and Residential complex, this strategy would ensure achieving canine rabies controlled zone through multi-stakeholder engagement.

scholarly journals Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mesfin Aklilu ◽  
Wogayehu Tadele ◽  
Amelework Alemu ◽  
Sintayehu Abdela ◽  
Garuma Getahun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Group 14 ◽  
Health Institute ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Group 6 ◽  
Public Health Institute

Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

scholarly journals Increased mask adherence after important politician infected with COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0261398
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Cohen ◽  
Meghan Talarowski ◽  
Olaitan Awomolo ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Stephanie Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
City Council ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Departments ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Public Health Departments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The City

Objectives To quantify changes in adherence to mask and distancing guidelines in outdoor settings in Philadelphia, PA before and after President Trump announced he was infected with COVID-19. Methods We used Systematic Observation of Masking Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) to assess mask adherence in parks, playgrounds, and commercial streets in the 10 City Council districts in Philadelphia PA. We compared adherence rates between August and September 2020 and after October 2, 2020. Results Disparities in mask adherence existed by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity, with females wearing masks correctly more often than males, seniors having higher mask use than other age groups, and Asians having higher adherence than other race/ethnicities. Correct mask use did not increase after the City released additional mask guidance in September but did after Oct 2. Incorrect mask use also decreased, but the percentage not having masks at all was unchanged. Conclusions Vulnerability of leadership appears to influence population behavior. Public health departments likely need more resources to effectively and persuasively communicate critical safety messages related to COVID-19 transmission.

The Pollution of the Beaches of Alexandria due to the Discharge of Sewage: A Case Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
F. El Sharkawi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Recreational Waters ◽  
The Public ◽  
The City

Alexandria is the main summer resort of Egypt. The population of the city is about 3 million and in summer it receives about half a million tourists who come to its beaches for recreation. Part of the city sewage is discharged into the sea through some outfalls along the coast. A coastal line of about 20 kms in length was monitored in order to study the pollution of the recreational waters. Also, a retrospective epidemiological study was carried out to find if there was a relation between the state of pollution and the occurrence of typhoid among bathers. The results of this study showed that there was a significant risk of contracting typhoid from bathing in the heavily polluted water and the most affected was the young age group. Therefore, it was recommended that the minor outfalls should be closed immediately to protect the public health, and a long outfall as recommended by the Master plan should be constructed as quickly as possible.

Stray Dogs and the Making of Modern Paris*

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Pearson
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

Abstract This article traces the policing of stray dogs in Paris from the French Revolution to the outbreak of the First World War. It argues that long-standing rabies anxieties dovetailed with the emergence of the public hygiene movement, fears of rapid urbanization, vagrancy and crime, modernization projects, and the veneration of the pedigree pet dog to cast the stray dog as an unwelcome presence on the city’s streets. Parisian public hygienists and authorities turned strays into a problem that they would solve to make the city safe, clean and modern. Combating strays became a matter of social defence and medical police.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Dog Bite Incidents in Chile: Factors Related to the Patterns of Human-Dog Relationship

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Carmen Luz Barrios ◽  
Carlos Bustos-López ◽  
Carlos Pavletic ◽  
Alonso Parra ◽  
Macarena Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Public Health Facilities ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Psychological Injuries ◽  
Animal Bites

Dog bites are one of the main public health problems. They produce important consequences for those who suffer them (physical and psychological injuries, secondary infections, sequelae, risk of transmission of zoonoses and surgeries, among others). The objective of this study was to characterize epidemiologically the incidents of bites in Chile and the patterns of human-dog relationship involved. The records analyzed in this article were obtained from bitten patients who attended the main public health facilities in Chile during the period 17 September 2017 and 17 September 2018: In the period studied, 17,299 animal bites were recorded; however, only 7220 (41.74%) cases were analyzed in which the offending species could be identified. Of the bites analyzed, 6533 were caused by dogs (90.48%). Of these, 41.05% were caused by medium-sized dogs. Most bites were caused by dogs of mixed breeds (55.99%), followed by dogs of the German Shepherd breed (8.50%). Most of the dogs that bit were known to the victim (99.95%) and most of the attacks occurred indoors (57.48%). Although dog bite records have improved in Chile, it would be useful to also include background information on the context in which the incident occurred, which would be very useful for developing effective bite prevention programs.

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