Technologies Involved in the Demulsification of Crude Oil

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.5772/intechopen.99743 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karthika Rajamanickam

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Enhanced Recovery ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Petroleum Reservoirs ◽

Basic Research ◽

Stable Emulsion ◽

Recovery Processes ◽

Proper Formulation ◽

Natural Surfactants ◽

Fit For Purpose

Due to the use of enhanced recovery processes that necessitate the use of a considerable amount of water, mature petroleum reservoirs generate crude oil with huge amounts of water. The majority of this water gets emulsified into crude oil during production, increasing viscosity and making flow more difficult, resulting in production, transportation, and refining operational challenges that have an influence on corporate productivity. Natural surfactants with a strong potential to create stable emulsions are naturally mixed with crude oils. Because crudes with a high amount of stable emulsion have a lower value, the stable emulsion must be adequately processed to meet industrial requirements. As a result, basic research on natural surfactants that contribute to emulsion stability is examined in order to effectively separate emulsions into oil and water. This would need a review of various emulsification methods as well as the proper formulation for effective demulsification. The petroleum industry recognizes the importance of an efficient demulsification procedure for treating emulsions. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of emulsification and demulsification have been undertaken for decades. To guarantee optimal hydrocarbon output, effective treatment is required. The present paper is to review reported works on the formation of petroleum emulsions, demulsification treatments, and characteristics of fit-for-purpose demulsifiers as well as research trends in emulsion treatment.

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High-Purity, CO2-Free Hydrogen Generation from Crude Oils in Crushed Rocks Using Microwave Heating

10.2118/206341-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qingwang Yuan ◽

Xiangyu Jie ◽

Bo Ren

Keyword(s):

Microwave Heating ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

High Purity ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Hydrogen Generation ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Petroleum Reservoirs ◽

Crude Oils ◽

Hydrogen Yield ◽

Free Hydrogen

Abstract While the demand for hydrocarbon resources has been continuously increasing in the past 150 years, the industry is, however, criticized for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and concomitant global warming concerns. The oil and gas industry also face growing pressures in the ongoing energy transition. Generating and producing hydrogen (H2) directly from petroleum reservoirs has the potential to mitigate environmental impacts while revolutionizing the traditional petroleum industry and enabling it to become a clean hydrogen industry. This paper proposes a novel approach to generate high-purity, CO2-free hydrogen from the abundant oil and gas resources in petroleum reservoirs using microwave heating. In this work, laboratory experiments were conducted to validate this scientific proof-of-concept and examine the roles of crushed rocks, catalysts, and water/oil ratio in hydrogen generation from crude oils in a reactor. A maximum of 63% ultimate hydrogen content is obtained in the generated gas mixtures, while the original CO2content in all experiments is negligible (<1%). Catalysts can promote hydrogen generation by accelerating rate and locally enhancing microwave (MW) absorption to create ‘super-hot spots'. Water also participates in reactions, and additional hydrogen is generated through water-gas shift reactions. The water-oil ratio in porous rocks affects the ultimate hydrogen yield. Overall, this research demonstrates the great potential of using MW heating to generate high-purity, CO2-free hydrogen from in situ petroleum reservoirs. Further research and wide application of this technology would potentially transform petroleum reservoirs to hydrogen generators, thus mitigating the environmental impacts of traditional petroleum industry while meeting the increasing demand for clean hydrogen energy. This technology would also benefit the safe transition towards a decarbonized society.

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Activated Flooded Jets and Immiscible Layer Technology Help to Remove and Prevent the Formation of Bottom Sediments in the Oil Storage Tanks

10.5772/intechopen.95230 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Georgii V. Nesyn

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Bottom Sediments ◽

External Heat ◽

Storage Tanks ◽

High Molecular Weight Polymer ◽

Molecular Weight Polymer ◽

Oil Storage ◽

Screw Propeller ◽

Fit For Purpose ◽

Tank Bottom

Two flooded jet methods of tank bottom sediments caving based on either screw propeller generation or nozzle jets generated with entering crude head oppose each other. The comparison is not advantageous for the first one. Exceptionally if crude oil contains some concentration of high molecular weight polymer which can perform Drag Reduction. In this case, the jet range increases by many times, thus, upgrading the capability of caving system. Preventing the sedimentation of crude oil heavy components may be put into practice with Immiscible Layer Technology. Before filling the tank with crude oil, some quantity of heavy liquid, that is immiscible with all the components of crude oil, is poured into the tank. The most suitable/fit for purpose and available liquid is glycerin. Neither paraffin and resins, nor asphaltenes can penetrate through the glycerin layer to settle down at the tank bottom because of its density, which is equal to 1.26 g/cm3. Instead, sediments are concentrated at/on the glycerin surface and when it is heated in external heat exchanger all the sediments ought to move upwards with the convection streams. Thus, no deteriorate sediment is formed in the tank bottom.

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Coping strategies of the Korean petroleum industry upon lifting the U.S. crude oil export ban

The Journal of International Trade & Commerce ◽

10.16980/jitc.11.1.201502.303 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 303-325

Author(s):

Jae-Kyung Kim

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Oil Export ◽

The U.S

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The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d221145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

Author(s):

RIRYN NOVIANTY ◽

ANNISA HIDAYAH ◽

SARYONO SARYONO ◽

AMIR AWALUDDIN ◽

NOVA WAHYU PRATIWI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽

Oil Spills ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Terrestrial Environments

Abstract. Novianty R, Saryono, Awaluddin A, Pratiwi NW, Hidayah A, Juliantari E. 2021. The diversity of fungi consortium isolated from polluted soil for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon. Biodiversitas 22: 5077-5084. One of the major problems in the petroleum industry nowadays is crude oil spills. Riau Province, Sumatra is one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern to the environment. The process of drilling and refining petroleum generates a large amount of oil sludge. One of the effective technologies used in the waste degradation process is bioremediation using certain microorganisms. The prime objective of the current research was to evaluate the efficiency of fungi consortiums in crude oil degradation in Bumi Siak Pusako-Pertamina Hulu, Indonesia. There are three potential fungi isolates as petroleum hydrocarbon degradation agents with four consortium variations. The parameter values of Optical Density (OD), pH, and diluted CO2 were measured on 0, 4, 8, and 16 days. To evaluate the fungal biodegradation activity using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that consortium II (KF II) has the highest potential to degrade petroleum hydrocarbon (50.61%). The visual GC-MS examination confirmed a decrease in the peak area for eight hydrocarbon compounds, indicating the efficiency of the fungi in the oil decomposition and dismantling of hydrocarbons. Our findings may provide new information on native fungal resources from chronically contaminated terrestrial environments, and will be useful for petroleum-contaminated bioremediation and other industrial applications.

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Progression of axial spondyloarthritis

Modern Rheumatology Journal ◽

10.14412/1996-7012-2021-3-7-14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Sh. F. Erdes ◽

T. V. Korotaeva

Keyword(s):

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Enhanced Recovery ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Tissue Loss ◽

Bone Lesions ◽

Vertebral Bone ◽

Bone Mass Loss ◽

Recovery Processes ◽

Vertebral Bone Mass ◽

Mechanical Influence

The spectrum of bone lesions in axial spondyloarthritis is of great interest. With inflammation and mechanical influence concurrence in the background, both tissue gain and tissue loss in a particular bone area can occur simultaneously. Moreover, if vertebral bone mass loss, perhaps, can be easily explained by chronic systemic inflammation, the reason of its gain, observed in axial spondyloarthritis remains a mystery. It is unclear whether it is a consequence of enhanced recovery processes after injury, adaptation to altered mechanical stress, response to inflammatory cells activation or cytokines, produced by them, or changes in Wnt signaling pathways (for example). Whether these factors act individually or collectively is also unclear.

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The Nexus between Stock Returns of Oil Companies and Oil Price Fluctuations after Heavy Oil Upgrading: Toward Theoretical Progress

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies7030071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sedighi ◽

Mohammadi ◽

Fard ◽

Sedighi

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Crude Oil ◽

Stock Returns ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Oil Price ◽

Investment Policies ◽

Price Fluctuations ◽

Oil Companies ◽

Petroleum Companies

This study attempts to discover the nexus between crude oil price fluctuation after heavy oil upgrading and stock returns of petroleum companies in the U.S. Stock Exchange for the years 2008 to 2018. One of the methods of upgrading heavy crude oil is to extract asphaltene from crude oil. Considering the Asphaltene Removal (AR) as a factor in the nexus between oil price and the stock market is an innovation in the literature of energy finance. Asphaltenes cause many problems in the petroleum industry, which increases the cost of oil production and reduces the financial efficiency of oil companies. The AR is certainly one of the significant matters of the oil industry and can affect the price of oil. Therefore, changes in the price of oil can influence the price of oil company stocks. Hence, changes in stock prices will certainly affect the stock returns of oil companies. In an effort to solve this puzzle, the four financial models were employed to explore the nexus between oil price fluctuations and stock returns. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the oil price fluctuations caused by the removal of asphaltenes influence the stock returns of petroleum companies. Eventually, the theoretical hypothesis was confirmed by considering the USA as a case study. The outcomes of this investigation are a theoretical progression in areas related to the petroleum industry and the stock market that could lead to the adoption of new investment policies in the petroleum industry including investing in new procedures to manage and decrease the costs and time of the AR process, which would result in the advancement of petroleum companies. In fact, we have introduced a modern investment strategy in the oil industry aimed at reducing oil production costs, improving financial statements and increasing the stock returns of petroleum companies. Eventually, we will present new investment policies in the oil industry that can lead to economic growth and development of financial markets especially stock market, derivatives market, futures exchange, commodities exchange, as well as bond market.

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