Everyday Masculinities in 21st-Century China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wong
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Chinese Masculinity ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Everyday Masculinities in 21st-Century China: The Making of Able-Responsible Men argues that a moral dimension in Chinese masculinity is of growing significance in fast-changing China. The author introduces the twin concepts of ability and responsibility as integral expressions of the dominant and hegemonic form of masculinity in present-day Nanchong. Able-responsible men—those who can create wealth and shoulder responsibilities—have replaced the 'moneyed elite' of the earlier reform-and-opening-up era as the dominant male ideal. The many case studies in the book vividly illustrate the coercive social forces that affect not just men and boys, but also women, and reveal that there is resistance as well as complicity. The book lays bare the socio-political context that nurtures the cultural expressions of hegemonic masculinity under the rule of President Xi Jinping, who has emerged in public consciousness as the embodiment of the ideal able-responsible man. There are new perspectives on many topical issues that China faces, including urbanization, labour migration, the one-child policy, love and marriage, gender and intergenerational dynamics, hierarchical male relationships, and the rise of mass displays of nationalism. The book is a rare effort to answer the question, 'Is there an indigenous Chinese masculinity?'

Troubling Boys Becoming Men

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wong
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Alternative Masculinities ◽  
The One

The chapter describes, with two ethnographic cases, how hegemonic masculinity exerts influence during teenage boys’ formative years and their responses. There is a focus on failure or inadequacy, rather than the usual accounts of hard work and academic success in related Chinese literature. The boys' perceived docile and unmanly characters concern their parents, but the boys choose to exercise their agency to develop alternative masculinities, including interpreting androgyny and effeminacy as desirable male models, rather than conforming to the hegemonic ideal. The one-child policy and volatility created by the countrywide rural-to-urban labour migration are identified as affecting the lives of boys in 21st century China and leading, amongst other things, to large numbers of left behind children and only sons.

scholarly journals Children of the reform and opening-up: China’s new generation and new era of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunling Li
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
New Era ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Generational Identity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract China’s new generation, born during the 1980s and 1990s, is a social cohort that has grown up in the era of reform and opening-up. They are simultaneously influenced by and play a critical role in a series of significant historical events in the aftermath of the reform and opening-up. The life course of this generation is intertwined with significant social changes, such as fast economic growth, the one-child policy, education expansion, the rise of the Internet, marketization, industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. These changes greatly affect their living circumstances and opportunities, shaping the generational characteristics while widening the intergenerational gap between them and the previous generations. At the same time, however, China’s new generation is unable to break the constraints of the social structure. The shared generational identity fails to eliminate the socioeconomic disparities within the generation. In contrast, marketization has strengthened the Chinese class structure through intergenerational transmission. In China’s new era of development, promoting equal opportunities and narrowing socioeconomic inequality among the new generation now proves to be a new challenge.

China in the 21st Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom ◽  
Maura Elizabeth Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tiananmen Square ◽  
Japanese Imperialism ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Confucian Thought ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this fully revised and updated third edition of China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know® , Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Maura Elizabeth Cunningham provide cogent answers to the most urgent questions regarding the newest superpower, and offer a framework for understanding China’s meteoric rise from developing country to superpower. Focusing their answers through the historical legacies--Confucian thought, Western and Japanese imperialism, the Mao era, and the massacre near Tiananmen Square--that largely define China’s present-day trajectory, Wasserstrom and Cunningham introduce readers to the Chinese Communist Party, the building boom in Shanghai, and the environmental fall-out of rapid Chinese industrialization. They also explain unique aspects of Chinese culture such as the one-child policy, and provide insight into Chinese-American relations, a subject that has become increasingly fraught during the Trump era. As Wasserstrom and Cunningham draw parallels between China and other industrialized nations during their periods of development, in particular the United States during its rapid industrialization in the 19th century, they also provide guidance on the ways we might expect China to act in the future vis-à-vis the United States, Russia, India, and its East Asian neighbors. Updated to include perspectives on Hong Kong’s shifting political status, as well as expanding on President Xi Jinping’s time in office, China in the 21st Century provides a concise and insightful introduction to this significant global power.

scholarly journals Imperfect and Transrational Interpretations of Peace(s)

Prospectiva ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Peace Studies ◽  
La Paz ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
Positivist Approach

This essay was originally written in English for the conference Debates en torno a la paz imperfecta, organized by the University of Granada/Spain in May 2016 in order to honor the late Francisco A. Muñoz Muñoz, whose research in matters of peace was iconic. . The focus of the essay is the epistemological development of peace studies as an academic discipline from its structuralist and post-structuralist roots in the 20th century to its interpretations in the 21st century. It well regards the positivist approach of the Scandinavian schools, appreciates the influence of the seminal work of Adam Curle and the following generation of scholars at Bradford University in Great Britain ion continental Europe, but places emphasis on the Many Peaces approach that emerged on the one hand in Spain with the groundbreaking work of Vicent Martinez Guzman and Francisco A. Muñoz under the titles Hacer las Paces and La paz imperfecta, and the Transrational Peace Philosophy developed in the University of Innsbruck in Austria. The main focus of this essay is to discuss the differences and similarities between these current leading streams of the discipline.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN PARALLEL WITH THE FORMS OF AXIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostyslav Polishchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Sports Culture ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

This article describes the hypothesis that sport originated and developed with forms of axial performance. It is noted that the physical education tradition was formed and modernized according to the axial principles of development of each era. What determines the transition of society from one level of development to another? Among the many reasons, the most important are socio-cultural revolutions, such as agricultural, industrial and scientific information. That is, it is progress, certain evolutionary steps that affect the development of society as a whole. We propose to consider the concept of axial time for each era (a combination of axial and wave approaches), ie the axial principle and the impact of human civilization on the formation and formation of physical education and sports culture. D. Bell considers the "axial principle" of the division of civilization "axis of production" and the knowledge used. For example, for industrial society such a criterion is the use of machines for the production of goods, and for post-industrial - scientific and primarily theoretical knowledge (which is a strategic resource, the axial principle of society). According to our concept, the whole historical process can be divided into large stages. The change of each of them is a change of the basic qualitative characteristics of the corresponding step of the historical process. The concept of the principle of axial productivity is not only production, but also the formation of a new worldview, which can be such a basis that describes the great qualitative steps in the development of world history. The revolution in the worldview is an integral part of the historical process. With its help there are profound qualitative changes in socio-cultural life, in political and economic relations, the public consciousness changes. In these periods, socio-cultural relations, on the one hand, are approaching the leading productive forces, and on the other hand, they themselves create a new level, which gives impetus to generate new worldview principles. Worldview trends were the guiding factor first in the formation and then the transformation of the system of physical education, physical culture and sports. Each stage of such development was permeated with the spirit of the corresponding cultural and historical epoch. It is emphasized that compared to the sport of the last century, the sport of the XXI century will develop much faster and more powerfully, and its main task will be to take care of leisure and human health in the economic globalization of the information society.

Exploration and Development of China Interior Design since the Reform and Opening Up

2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 272-275
Author(s):  
Zhong Cui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Western Nation ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Exploration And Development

We divide the China interior design development which from 1980s to today into three historical stages: the difficult start, the unsmooth exploration and the reflective walk of China contemporary interior design. At the end of 20th century, China interior design had been quickly went through the process by using more than 2 decades, while the western nation expended almost 100 years. Entry the 21st century, China interior design started a new exploration and development at the base of summering its own experiences and lessons in vertically and learning advanced theories and experiences in horizontally.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Misri
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Gendered Violence ◽  
Communal Violence ◽  
British Raj ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One

This introductory chapter describes a cultural history of violence associated with widely divergent ideas of India after 1947—an India post-British Raj, post-Partition, post-Independence, and postcolonial. Communal violence, ethnonationalist insurgencies, terrorism, and counterinsurgent state violence have marked the postcolonial Indian nation-state since its very inception, often intersecting with prevailing forms of gendered violence within communities. These forms of violence have frequently indexed a serious disjoint between communally and regionally specific ideas of nationhood on the one hand, and the politically bounded, militarily enforced entity known as “India” on the other. In addition, the book is part of a wider feminist undertaking to critically examine how violence is conceptualized in the many discourses that shape public consciousness in the Indian subcontinent and its diasporic extensions.

scholarly journals The internationalization process of Chinese research institutions since the reform and opening-up

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Chen ◽  
Yanping Li
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Policy Integration ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the evolution, characteristics, motivations, entry patterns, organizational structure and effectiveness of the internationalization of Chinese research institutions in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the evolution and practice of Chinese research institutions “going out” by constructing a theoretical framework diagram and uses official statistics and existing research to explain the authors’ points. Findings The research results show that the internationalization of research institutions has undergone four phases: sprout period, starting period, adjustment period and accelerating period. It shows a rapid growth of investment scale, diversification of investment entities, rich and varied forms, and transition to major countries along the “One Belt and One Road.” Expanding the international market, tracking and acquiring technological frontiers, nurturing domestic R&D talents, and evading the risks of political, economic, cultural and scientific differences between home and host countries are the main motivations for Chinese research institutions to “go global.” Multinational corporations have entered the host country with modes such as M&A, greenfield investment and joint R&D alliances in their own strengths and also presented a variety of organizational structures such as integrated R&D networks. Originality/value This paper systematically summarizes the internationalized experience model of research institutions with Chinese characteristics since the reform and opening-up. From the perspective of internationalization model transformation, policy integration and cooperation among emerging economies, it presents the opportunities and challenges faced by the research institutions in the process of internationalization and provides a theoretical basis for improving the internationalization ability of research institutions.

scholarly journals Research on Cross-Cultural Adaptation Intervention with Big Data Analytics

2021 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 03035
Author(s):  
Hui-Jun Ni ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Cross Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Academic Adaptation ◽  
The One ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
Opening Up

With China’s reform and opening up and the development of the One Belt and One Road, a series of cross-cultural adaptation problems such as language barriers and differences in customs and habits prevent international employees from obtaining timely and effective instrumental and expressive support. This article developed the three dimensions of academic adaptation, social culture and life adaptation and psychological adaptation and founded the current international employees generally had difficulties in cross-cultural adaptation. The result provided a helpful guideline to a cross-cultural adaptation.

Psychology from Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic Perspectives

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad A-L.H. Abou-Hatab
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

This paper presents the case of psychology from a perspective not widely recognized by the West, namely, the Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic perspective. It discusses the introduction and development of psychology in this part of the world. Whenever such efforts are evaluated, six problems become apparent: (1) the one-way interaction with Western psychology; (2) the intellectual dependency; (3) the remote relationship with national heritage; (4) its irrelevance to cultural and social realities; (5) the inhibition of creativity; and (6) the loss of professional identity. Nevertheless, some major achievements are emphasized, and a four-facet look into the 21st century is proposed.

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