Discrimination against Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-130
Author(s):  
Eika Tai
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
Sexual Slavery ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
System A ◽  
The Social

Feminist scholars argue that the licensed prostitution system, a system of sexual slavery created in prewar Japan to complement the patriarchal system, became the basis of the wartime comfort women system. They have begun to examine the comfort women issue in relation to contemporary issues of sexual violence such as adult videos, pointing out that deep-seated sex culture of Japan as a reason for the social resistance against taking responsibility for the issue. Activists in the comfort women movement include those involved in the women’s liberation movement of the early 1970s, in which the comfort women issue was problematized. One such activist, Tanimoto Ayako, criticizes in her narrative the commodification of women, pointing to similarities between survivors of Japan’s military sexual slavery and those of domestic violence in today’s Japan. In their narratives, Nakagawa Kayoko and Yamagata Junko talk about how they have struggled with pervasive gender discrimination in Japanese society from a human rights framework and from a perspective of Christianity, respectively.

History of the Comfort Women Movement

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Eika Tai
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Society ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Public Attitude ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
Sexual Slavery ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
International War ◽  
Sincere Apology ◽  
Historical Periods

I trace the history of the comfort women movement, describing what activists in Japan have done collectively for the movement’s major objectives, the Japanese government’s sincere apology and legal compensations. In doing so, I provide sociopolitical contexts for understanding the activist narratives, which are about what they have thought and felt personally. The activists have modified strategies according to the shifting positions of the government and the international community and the changing public attitude in Japanese society toward the issue. I discuss seven topics chronologically ordered with some overlaps in their historical periods: the rise of the movement; the spread of the movement; the Asian Women’s Fund; the Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery; lawsuits; legislative resolution; and fighting in isolated Japan.

Marital Rape As Domestic Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 128-170
Author(s):  
Ajita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Marital Rape ◽  
Bodily Integrity ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Legal Remedies

Available data indicate that marital rape impacts the health and safety of women in much the same way as rape by a stranger. This chapter argues in favour of recognizing marital rape as a crime in India, by rebutting the forcefully held misconceptions that continue to be put forth as justifications for exempting marital rape as a criminal offence. The institution of marriage as a sanction for sex completely disregards the consent of the wife. This has the effect of condoning acts in the nature of domestic violence and must be recognized as a form of gender discrimination that negates the dignity, personal autonomy, and bodily integrity of married women. Analysis of existing legal provisions on spousal sexual violence under the PWDVA have been analysed to assess the scope of legal remedies available for marital rape.

scholarly journals Perilaku Kekerasaan Dalam Rumah Tangga Sebagai Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mukri Aji
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Abstract:Domestic violence is a behavior that can be categorized as a violation of human rights. Because this behavior results in disruption of the social dimension of humanity, due to actions that do not humanize humans in general. Even in the context of domestic violence, the perpetrators who are supposed to protect even commit acts of violence, mistreatment, intimidation and even the loss of the victim's life. The research method uses the normative juridical method, using secondary data obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively. The results and discussion of this study are that there are aspects of human rights violations that occur in domestic violence behavior. So the government is obliged to take action in the form of legal protection for victims by ensnaring the perpetrators with laws and regulations. Both the Criminal Code and the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence.Keywords: Domestic Violence Behavior, Human Rights, Violence.

scholarly journals DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN NIGERIA: A PHILOSOPHICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Chris O. Abakare
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Secure Environment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Female Genital

Family, apart from providing security and emotional support should provide the most secure environment for an individual to grow. However, domestic violence is largely evident in the Nigeria families and societies. Although, women are worshipped as deities at home in some cultures in Nigeria, they are also treated as second class members of the family. This is largely due to the patriarchal nature of the Nigerian society. The essence of this work is to investigate domestic violence against woman in Nigeria. This work discovers that the lack of physical power leads to general timidity in women. This work discovers that domestic violence is perpetrated by family members against women in the family, ranging from single assault to aggravated physical battery, threats, intimation, coercion, stalking, humiliating verbal use, forcible or unlawful entry, sexual violence, marital rape, dowry and even female genital mutilation. This work is of the opinion that domestic violence bluntly trips women of their most basic human rights, the right to safety in their homes and community and should be discourage.Family, apart from providing security and emotional support should provide the most secure environment for an individual to grow. However, domestic violence is largely evident in the Nigeria families and societies. Although, women are worshipped as deities at home in some cultures in Nigeria, they are also treated as second class members of the family. This is largely due to the patriarchal nature of the Nigerian society. The essence of this work is to investigate domestic violence against woman in Nigeria. This work discovers that the lack of physical power leads to general timidity in women. This work discovers that domestic violence is perpetrated by family members against women in the family, ranging from single assault to aggravated physical battery, threats, intimation, coercion, stalking, humiliating verbal use, forcible or unlawful entry, sexual violence, marital rape, dowry and even female genital mutilation. This work is of the opinion that domestic violence bluntly trips women of their most basic human rights, the right to safety in their homes and community and should be discourage. Keywords:Domestic violence, Women, Patriarchy, Nigeria.

Gender Equality – Legal Reality in Albania

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Enejda Osmanaj
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
University Education ◽  
The Law

The objective for gender equality policy is that women and men must have the same power to shape society and their own lives. While equality is an essential component of the human rights' protection, gender in equalities are still present in our society. One of the most serious violations of gender equality is violence against women. Violence against women is a form of discrimination, which is rooted in gender inequality. According to a study by INSTAT (2007), 27, 6% of women reported that violence had started after marriage. Abused women often were unwilling, to talk openly about domestic violence. in terms of urban versus rural differences, women in rural areas were significantly more likely to "ever" experience domestic violence of all types, compared to women in urban areas. There were also significant differences based on level of education. Women with a primary education were significantly more likely to "ever" experience domestic violence of all types, compared to women with a basic education or less, secondary education, and a university/post-university education. While women with a university/post-university education were least likely to "ever" experience domestic violence of all types, they were not immune to domestic violence in their marriage/intimate relationships simply because they were highly educated. Since 1993, Albania is part of Convention "On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women" (1981) (CEDAW), in order to prevent gender inequalities, as well as to ensure wisely the protection of women from discrimination in higher levels. Other Albanian legal acts, as The Constitution of the Republic of Albania, the law no. 10 221/2010 "On Protection from Discrimination", the law no. 9970/2008 "On gender equality in the society" etc. intend to protect women, to prevent gender discrimination and to ensure gender equality. Albanian National Strategy on Gender Equality and Violence in Family (2011-2015) had also a great importance on setting some levels on gender equality. But unfortunately, gender discrimination and violence against women is still a very widespread phenomenon in Albania. Statistical data reflect a very cruel reality. Women's rights are an integral and indivisible part of fundamental human rights and a real, applicable, legal protection is needed.

The Social Construction of Violence: The Case of Sexual and Domestic Violence

1999 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene L. Muehlenhard ◽  
Leigh Ann Kimes
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

What counts as “violence” is socially constructed, has varied over time, and reflects power relationships. Informed by social constructionism, we illustrate these points using as examples sexual violence and domestic violence. We review changes in how society and social scientists have defined and understood these topics during the last 30 years. We then discuss 3 areas of continuing controversy: who should decide if sexual or domestic violence has occurred, what to count as sexual and domestic violence, and the role of gender in defining sexual and domestic violence.

scholarly journals An Analysis on Domestic Violence (Offence and Punishment) Act of Nepal, 2009

2013 ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
Ankita K. C.
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Human Rights Violation

Women have always been an object of gross and severe violence at the hands of man. The biological weakness of a woman makes her an easy prey to all and sundry. She often is a victim of physical and mental violence not only outside her home but also inside it. Every society accepting the importance of equality of sexes has therefore, made affirmative provisions against gender discrimination. However, in spite of the enactment of these kinds of provisions, equality between men and women continues to be an elusive goal. Hence, women are deprived of basic freedom and thereby are easily exposed to exploitation. This has led violence against women to be a global phenomenon. Violence against women has been gradually recognized to be an important aspect of human rights violation of women. The author this article tries to highlight the concept of violence against women, analyzing the legislative tools available dealing with the violence against women. The author compares the domestic laws dealing on the violence against women with the international tools and draws the attention on the lacunas of domestic laws. The author also recommends what need to be done in future to address the aspect of violence against women in an effective way.

scholarly journals The Theme of Protest and Freedom in Cry, the Peacock

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr S. U. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Women Characters ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Complete Closure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Perpetual War

The conflict between social institutions and individuals is a complex and perplexing issue for many scholars. While reflecting on this issue, some scholars propagate the privilege to individuality, the others to the social institutions. Many scholars consider it as a matter of mutual coordination and interest. The need for a relative space for an individual and the requirement of the social institutions for regulating control over an individual’s uncensored wills are equally important. However, safeguarding or maintaining the margins of both entities is complex work. Regulating uncensored wills or reducing excessive encroachment of institutional authorities is a difficult task; it needs to be addressed with a scientific approach. The Indian social system is conservative and has been maintaining its dominance over the women’s class from the time unknown. The society, after allotting all the privileges to male members, refuses to consider women as individuals, having space and freedom. It expects women to be timid, docile, submissive and obedient. As a result, they feel tyrannized and experience untold sufferings. When the patriarchal system becomes over oppressive, it leads women to absolute confinement; the life of complete closure is highly disappointing and frustrating. The forces that obliterate their rights include gender discrimination, marriage-system, orthodox traditions, customs, rituals and class status. A woman is born with a destitute to experience a collision with the subjugating elements in her life and while wrestling against it she has little success. She goes through a perpetual war against the controlling institution while creating a space for her individuality and freedom. The factors like these rob women characters of happiness and advantages and lead women to live an insignificant life, full of suffering.

scholarly journals RELEVANCE OF PANCASILA JUSTICE VALUE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMICAL CRIMINAL SANCTIONS ON SEXUAL CRIMINAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aji Sudarmaji
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Community Culture ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

In its development every person in the country of Indonesia has the right to live free from torture and sexual crimes, therefore sexual crimes are damned and heinous acts which must be resisted. All this time, resistance to sexual violence has been carried out by all parties under the existing legal umbrella, including Perpu No. 1 of 2016, namely through the implementation of chemical castration sanctions, but in reality, it has not been effective in eradicating sexual crimes. In addition, the existing castration chemical sanctions are also felt to have violated the human rights of perpetrators of sexual crimes, whereas the actual law only restores the social system of existing crimes by not violating the human rights of all parties, both victims and perpetrators. The purpose of the research in this article is to analyze the formulation of castration sanctions policy policies on the perpetrators of the crime of child sexual violence in Indonesia at this time. To analyze castration criminal sanctions against child sexual violence offenders in Indonesia who have not met Pancasila values. To find the right formula for reconstructing criminal sanctions on perpetrators of child sexual violence in Indonesia based on Pancasila values. The method used in this article is sociological juridical. From the results of the research carried out it can be concluded that the implementation of Article 81 PERPU Number 1 the Year 2016 has not effectively protected and been able to recover victims of sexual violence. Then the factors that influence this are legal regulations that are still contrary to human rights respect as stipulated in the Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, then law enforcement factors that still do not pay attention to the recovery of children who are victims of sexual violence, and factors community culture that is still unable to effectively combat sexual violence against children due to a culture that considers sexual violence against children a family disgrace that no one should know.

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