scholarly journals The Impact of Maternal Breast Milk in Preventing Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siamak Afaghi ◽  
Fateme Sadat Rahimi ◽  
Farzad Esmaeili Tarki ◽  
Sahar Yazdani ◽  
Amirhossein Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Donor Human Milk ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The Impact

Context: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), as a life-threatening gastrointestinal tract disease, is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Extensive inflammation, progressive hemorrhagic necrosis, and overwhelming infection of the gut are reasons why NEC is known as a devastating disease in premature infants. Almost 45% of affected preterm infants die, and those who survive suffer from multiple complications. Human milk, the best food for newborns, plays a significant role in supporting the immune system. Both mother’s own milk (MOM) and donor human milk (DHM) are particularly important in the prevention and lessening of the severity of NEC. Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases for articles that investigated the correlation between NEC and human milk. Then all data were accessed about their relevancy to this current subject. Results: In summary, the purpose of this article is to firstly review the protective role of breast milk components against NEC, and secondly discussing the correlation between human milk and NEC in clinical studies. Human milk bio-components, including Lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, maternal soluble IgA, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor, prebiotic, probiotics, and antioxidants, have a protective effect against NEC. However, the importance of these components in donor human milk and the formula is underestimated. Conclusions: Human milk, as the first-choice of nutritional source, comprises a wide diversity of copious bio-components, which dwindle the risk and severity of NEC in many ways. The exact mechanisms are still unclear, the evidence strongly point out that human milk is superior to any other nutrition concerning protecting the gastrointestinal tract from NEC.

scholarly journals Anti-Sars-Cov-2 IgA And IgG In Human Milk After Vaccination Is Dependent On Vaccine Type And Previous Sars-Cov-2 Exposure: A Longitudinal Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Selma-Royo ◽  
Christine Bauerl ◽  
Desiree Mena-Tudela ◽  
Laia Aguilar-Camprubi ◽  
Francisco Jose Perez-Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Vectored Vaccine ◽  
The Impact

Importance: Limited data are available on COVID-19 vaccine impact in lactating women. Objective: To evaluate the impact of different COVID-19 vaccines on specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG levels in human milk. Design, Settings and Participants: In this prospective observational study in Spain, 75 lactating women from priority groups receiving vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 were included (January to April 2021). Human milk samples were collected at seven-time points. A group with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=19) and a group of women from prepandemic time (n=13) were included. Exposure: mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) and adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Presence of IgA and IgG against RBD SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk. Results: Seventy-five vaccinated lactating women [mean age, 34.9±3.7 years] of whom 96% were Caucasic and 92% were health care workers. A total of 417 milk samples were included and vaccine distribution was BioNTech/Pfizer (BNT162b2, n=30), Moderna (mRNA-1273, n=21), and AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, n=24). For each vaccine, 7 time points were collected from baseline up to 25 days after the 1st dose and same points were collected for mRNA vaccines 30 days after 2nd dose. A strong reactivity was observed for IgG and IgA after vaccination mainly after the 2nd dose. Presence and the persistence of specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk were dependent on the vaccine-type and, on previous virus exposure. High inter-variability was observed, being relevant for IgA antibodies. IgG levels were significantly higher than those observed in milk from COVID-19 women while IgA levels were lower. Women with previous COVID-19 increased the IgG levels after the 1st dose to a similar level observed in vaccinated women after the 2nd dose. Conclusions and Relevance: Breast milk from vaccinated women contains anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG, with highest after the 2nd dose. Levels were dependent on vaccine type and previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Previous COVID-19 influenced the vaccine effect after a single dose, which could be especially relevant in the design of vaccination protocols . Further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential protective role of these antibodies against COVID-19 in infants from vaccinated and infected mothers through breastfeeding.

scholarly journals Influence of Previous COVID-19 and Mastitis Infections on the Secretion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Human Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3846
Author(s):  
Veronique Demers-Mathieu ◽  
Dustin J. Hines ◽  
Rochelle M. Hines ◽  
Sirima Lavangnananda ◽  
Shawn Fels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Impact

Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) play a critical role in neurodevelopment, where breast milk is a significant dietary source. The impact of previous COVID-19 infection and mastitis on the concentration of BDNF and NGF in human milk was investigated. Methods: Concentrations of BDNF and NGF were measured via ELISA in human milk samples collected from 12 mothers with a confirmed COVID-19 PCR, 13 mothers with viral symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, and 22 unexposed mothers (pre-pandemic Ctl-2018). These neurotrophins were also determined in 12 mothers with previous mastitis and 18 mothers without mastitis. Results: The NGF concentration in human milk was lower in the COVID-19 PCR and viral symptoms groups than in the unexposed group, but BDNF did not differ significantly. Within the COVID-19 group, BDNF was higher in mothers who reported headaches or loss of smell/taste when compared with mothers without the respective symptom. BDNF was lower in mothers with mastitis than in mothers without mastitis. Conclusions: Previous COVID-19 and mastitis infections changed differently the secretion of NGF and BDNF in human milk. Whether the changes in NGF and BDNF levels in milk from mothers with infection influence their infant’s development remains to be investigated.

Breast Milk Banks: The New Model

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
Derrick B. Jelliffe ◽  
E. F. Patrice Jelliffe
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
New Model ◽  
Acute Necrotizing ◽  
Milk Banks

Present evidence seems to suggest increasingly that fresh human milk has a protective role in the syndrome of acute necrotizing enterocolitis. For this reason (and many others), there appears to be an understandable increase in interest in the development of breast-milk banks. Considerable information already exists concerning the organization of such banks in the early decades of the present century and prior to that time. However, the milk stored in such earlier banks was not usually fresh, as it was primarily required for feeding rather than for the control of bacterial colonization of the intestine.

Breast milk leukocytes

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-770
Author(s):  
Jane Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Human Colostrum ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Milk Feeding

The apparent increase in frequency of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis1 and the recognition that the gastrointestinal tract is often the portal of entry in neonatal sepsis2 has renewed interest in breast milk as a source of newborn immunity. Attention has recently focussed on milk leukocytes. The purpose of this commentary is to summarize the available information on this subject and to examine the implications that this knowledge may have on the possible use of human milk-feeding to protect the newborn from infection. Human colostrum and early milk contain 1 to 2 x 106 leukocytes; 80% to 90% of these are monocytic phagocytes and the remainder are lymphocytes.3,4

Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. G156-G164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohuslav Dvorak ◽  
Melissa D. Halpern ◽  
Hana Holubec ◽  
Catherine S. Williams ◽  
Debra L. McWilliam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Neonatal Rat Model

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal disease of prematurely born infants. Maternal milk plays an important protective role against NEC development and is the major source of epidermal growth factor (EGF) for neonates. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of orally administered EGF on the incidence of NEC in a neonatal rat model. Newborn rats were artificially fed either with growth factor-free rat milk substitute (RMS) or RMS supplemented with 500 ng/ml of EGF (RMS+EGF). Experimental NEC was induced by exposure to asphyxia and cold stress. Development of NEC was evaluated by gross and histological scoring of damage in the ileum. Ileal EGF receptor (EGF-R), EGF, and transforming growth factor-α mRNA expression was assessed by RT competitive-PCR, and the EGF-R was localized by immunohistochemistry. EGF supplementation of formula reduced the incidence and severity of NEC in rats (13/16 RMS vs. 4/13 RMS+EGF). Ileal EGF-R mRNA expression was markedly increased in the RMS group compared with RMS+EGF. Enhanced EGF-R expression in the RMS group was localized predominantly in the epithelial cells of injured ileum. These data suggest a new potential therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of NEC.

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