Frequency of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in Females With Urogenital Infections and Habitual Abortion History in Ahvaz, Iran; Using Multiplex PCR

Introduction. Despite increasing application of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection of sexually transmitted infections, the cytological findings in pap smears of patients with pathogens that can be identified only by PCR are not yet well described. The aim of this study was to describe the most common cytological features in cervical pap smears of patients with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum detected by multiplex PCR. Methods. Cervical samples for conventional and liquid-based cytology and for multiplex PCR were collected from women ranging from 23 to 54 years old, who underwent routine screening at a gynecological Unit. Results. Multiplex PCR was positive in 36.2% of the samples: Ureaplasma parvum 14.9%, Chlamydia trachomatis 10.6%, Trichomonas vaginalis 10.6%, Mycoplasma hominis 8.5%, Ureaplasma urealyticum 4.2%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.1%, and Mycoplasma genitalium (0). Multiple pathogens were observed in 12.8% of samples. Microscopic cervicitis (≥10 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/epithelial cell) and normal (predominantly lactobacillary) microbiota were the most frequent findings in the samples in which the pathogens were detected alone or in multiple infections, except for samples with Trichomonas vaginalis in which the coccobacillary microbiota was the most common. In samples with microscopic cervicitis and normal microbiota, those with at least one pathogen identified by multiplex PCR were significantly more frequent than those with no pathogen, 66.6% versus 33.3%. Conclusion. Failure to identify an inflammatory agent in pap smear with intense neutrophil exudate may suggest the presence of Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis. A remark on the intensity of inflammation should be made in the reports of cervical pap smears so that this cytological finding can be correlated with clinical and PCR results.

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Occurrence of Ureaplasma urealyticumin in Women in the Northeast of Iran: Characterization of Resistance Trends

International Journal of Women s Health and Reproduction Sciences ◽

10.15296/ijwhr.2021.50 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 274-279

Author(s):

Jalal Mardaneh ◽

Alireza Mohammadzadeh ◽

Mahdieh Sadat Alavi ◽

Mahdieh Zendehdel ◽

Narjes Bahri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Urogenital Infections ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Single Positive ◽

Resistance Rates

Objectives: The present study surveyed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Ureaplasma urealyticum in isolates from Gonabad (in the northeast of Iran) including susceptibility testing for U. urealyticum to different antibiotics. Materials and Methods: In this research, a total of 95 vaginal swab specimens were aseptically collected from women who were admitted to the Bohlool Teaching Hospital and Jahad Daneshgahi Center from April 2016 to April 2017. Culture and subsequently antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed according to the Mycoplasma IST 2 kit. Then the cupules were read and interpreted in 24 and 48 hours according to kit guidelines. Results: In the studied patients, 38 (40.4 %), 12 (12.8 %), and 11 (11.7%) cases were single positive for U. urealyticum, single positive for Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), and dually positive for U. urealyticum and M. hominis, respectively. The positive rates of genital U. urealyticum in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were 86.8% and 13.2%, respectively. The highest positive rate (42.1%) was found in the 26-30-year-old group. In addition, tetracycline (TET) and doxycycline (DOT) were the most effective antibiotics against isolates, and one strain was multi-drug resistant. The U. urealyticum resistance rates were more than 39% to erythromycin and pristinamycin, and more than 55% to ciprofloxacin. All U. urealyticum isolates with <104 CFU/specimen were sensitive to all tested drugs. Conclusions: Although the emerging resistance to TETs among our isolates is alarming, these data show that the standard therapeutic regimen for urogenital infections caused by U. urealyticum is DOT, TET, and clarithromycin, leading to better outcomes in most respective patients.

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Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Lefamulin (Pleuromutilin) for Ureaplasma Spp. and Mycoplasma hominis

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1370

Author(s):

Oliver Spiller-Boulter ◽

Susanne Paukner ◽

Ian Boostrom ◽

Kirsty Sands ◽

Edward A. R. Portal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Fold Increase ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Urogenital Infections ◽

Ureaplasma Spp

Lefamulin is the first of the pleuromutilin class of antimicrobials to be available for therapeutic use in humans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lefamulin were determined by microbroth dilution for 90 characterised clinical isolates (25 Ureaplasma parvum, 25 Ureaplasma urealyticum, and 40 Mycoplasma hominis). All Mycoplasma hominis isolates possessed lefamulin MICs of ≤0.25 mg/L after 48 h (MIC50/90 of 0.06/0.12 mg/L), despite an inherent resistance to macrolides; while Ureaplasma isolates had MICs of ≤2 mg/L after 24 h (MIC50/90 of 0.25/1 mg/L), despite inherent resistance to clindamycin. Two U. urealyticum isolates with additional A2058G mutations of 23S rRNA, and one U. parvum isolate with a R66Q67 deletion (all of which had a combined resistance to macrolides and clindamycin) only showed a 2-fold increase in lefamulin MIC (1–2 mg/L) relative to macrolide-susceptible strains. Lefamulin could be an effective alternative antimicrobial for treating Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis infections irrespective of intrinsic or acquired resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and ketolides. Based on this potent in vitro activity and the known good, rapid, and homogenous tissue penetration of female and male urogenital tissues and glands, further exploration of clinical efficacy of lefamulin for the treatment of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital infections is warranted.

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Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis urogenital infections in patients with infertility. Results from a large cross-sectional study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-209613/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniela Andrea Paira ◽

Guillermo Molina ◽

Andrea Daniela Tissera ◽

Carolina Olivera ◽

Rosa Isabel Molina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Young Patients ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urogenital Infection ◽

Urogenital Infections

Abstract Female and male infertility have been associated to Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis urogenital infections. However, evidence from large studies assessing their prevalence and putative associations in patients with infertility is still needed. The study design was a cross-sectional study including 1554 female and 3610 male patients with infertility in Cordoba, Argentina. In women, the prevalence of C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum and M. hominis urogenital infection was 4.3%, 31.1% and 12.1% whereas in men it was 5.8%, 19.2% and 5.3%, respectively. C. trachomatis infection was significantly more prevalent in men whereas U. urealyticum and M. hominis infections were more prevalent in women. Besides, C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum infections were significantly higher patients younger than 25 years. Moreover, U. urealyticum and M. hominis infections were associated to each other in either infertile women or men. Our data revealed that C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum and M. hominis are prevalent uropathogens in infertile patients. Of clinical importance, C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum infections were more prevalent in young patients whereas U. urealyticum and M. hominis are reciprocal risk factors of their co-infection. These results highlight the importance of including the screening of urogenital infections in the diagnostic workup of infertility.

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Resistance to tetracyclines among clinical isolates of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa538 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad H Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Publication Bias ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

P Value ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Urogenital Infections ◽

Global Status ◽

High Level

Abstract Background Resistance to tetracyclines, the first-line treatment for urogenital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species, is increasing worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the global status of resistance to this class of antibiotics. Methods Electronic databases were searched using keywords including ‘Mycoplasma’, ‘Mycoplasma hominis’, ‘M. hominis’, ‘Ureaplasma’, ‘Ureaplasma urealyticum’, ‘Ureaplasma parvum’, ‘U. urealyticum’, ‘U. parvum’, ‘Ureaplasma species’, ‘resistance’, ‘antibiotic resistance’, ‘antibiotic susceptibility’, ‘antimicrobial resistance’, ‘antimicrobial susceptibility’, ‘tetracycline’, ‘doxycycline’ and ‘minocycline’. Finally, after some exclusions, 37 studies from different countries were included in the study and meta-analysis was performed on the data collected. Results The midrange resistance rates for M. hominis and U. urealyticum/parvum to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline were 50.0%, 9.0% and 16.7% and 43.3%, 28.6% and 9.0%, respectively. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in all studies (I2 > 50%, P value < 0.05), except those representing doxycycline resistance in M. hominis isolates (I2 = 39.1%, P = 0.02). No evidence of publication bias was observed in the studies and neither Egger’s test nor Begg’s test showed significant publication bias. Conclusions The results of the present study show that the overall resistance to tetracyclines is relatively high and prevalent among M. hominis and Ureaplasma species throughout the world. This highlights the importance of and necessity for regional and local antibiotic susceptibility testing before treatment choice as well as development of newer generations of tetracyclines to prevent antibiotic misuse, emergence and spread of resistant strains and, finally, the failure of treatment.

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Are Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum associated with specific genital symptoms and clinical signs in non-pregnant women?

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciab061 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Erica L Plummer ◽

Lenka A Vodstrcil ◽

Kaveesha Bodiyabadu ◽

Gerald L Murray ◽

Michelle Doyle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Health ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Health Centre ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Ureaplasma Parvum ◽

Ureaplasma Spp

Abstract Background There is limited evidence supporting an association between Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum and symptoms or disease in non-pregnant women. However, testing and reporting of these organisms frequently occurs, in-part due to their inclusion in multiplex-PCR assays for sexually transmitted infection (STI) detection. We investigated if M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum were associated with symptoms and/or signs in non-pregnant women attending a sexual health service. Methods Eligible women attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre completed a questionnaire regarding sexual practices and symptoms. Symptomatic women underwent examination. Women were assessed for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and tested for M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum, and four non-viral STIs using a commercial multiplex-PCR. Results 1,272 women were analysed. After adjusting for STIs and VVC, M. hominis was associated with abnormal vaginal discharge (aOR=2.70, 95%CI:1.92-3.79), vaginal malodour (aOR=4.27, 95%CI:3.08-5.91), vaginal pH>4.5 (aOR=4.27, 95%CI:3.22-5.66) and presence of clue cells (aOR=8.08, 95%CI:5.68-11.48). Ureaplasma spp. were not associated with symptoms/signs. BV was strongly associated with M. hominis (aOR=8.01, 95%CI:5.99-10.71), but was not associated with either Ureaplasma spp. In stratified analyses, M. hominis was associated with self-reported vaginal malodour and clinician-recorded vaginal discharge in women with BV, but not with symptoms/signs in women without BV. Conclusion Only M. hominis was associated with symptoms/signs, and these were manifestations of BV. Importantly, M. hominis was not associated with symptoms/signs in women without BV. These findings do not support routine testing for M. hominis, U. urealyticum and U. parvum in non-pregnant women.

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Highly specific and efficient primers for in-house multiplex PCR detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/1756-0500-7-433 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola ◽

Ana María González-Cardel ◽

Alfonso Méndez Tenorio ◽

Everardo Curiel-Quesada ◽

Graciela Castro-Escarpulli

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Pcr Detection

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Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasms in nonconococcal urethirits in men

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1002047v ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 63 (1-2) ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

Sonja Vesic ◽

Jelica Vukicevic ◽

Eleonora Gvozdenovic ◽

Dusan Skiljevic ◽

Slobodanka Janosevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Nongonococcal Urethritis ◽

Etiological Agents ◽

The One

Introduction. Nongonococcal urethritis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in men, with vast majority of the etiological agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by urogenital mycoplasmas. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in nongonococcal urethritis in men, and to examine infections associated with these agents. Material and methods. 299 sexually active, heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis were included into the study. Urethral samples were taken with a dacron swab placed into the urethra up to 2-3 cm. The Direct immunojluorescence tehnique was performed for identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected with Mycoplasma 1ST assay. Results. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 22.75%, Uraeplasma urealyticum in 21.08% and Mycoplasma hominis in 8.02% cases. We found no significant differences in prevalence between Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticym (p>0.05). Monoinjections were found in 51.85% with significantly higher rate (p<0.01) than associated infections (11.70%). Among associated infections, coinfection of Chlamydia trahomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was predominant. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with urogenital mycoplasmas was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the one between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. In 36.45% patients no patogenic microorganisms were detected. Conclusion. These results confirmed the etiological role of Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis with prevalence of 51.85% in monoinfections and 11.70% in associated infections. In 36.45% of cases the etiology of urethritis was not elucidated. These results suggest that more sensitive diagnostic tool should be applied when searching for the detailed etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

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