Difficult Points of Chess Metaphor in the Theoretical Questions of Language and Mind

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Pavel N. Baryshnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Intentional Content ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Computer Chess ◽  
Chess Game ◽  
Speech Structures ◽  
Strict Rule

This review article reveals the structural components of the chess metaphor, which represent in an unusual perspective the properties of a linguistic sign and its connection with mental processes. Strict rule-following and the conventionality of the material plane of expression turn chess into a convenient illustration of a universal linguistic structure. Particular attention is paid to the computer profile of the chess metaphor, since it reflects a whole complex of philosophical problems of computer science about mind, thinking and intelligence. In the proposed paper, the presentation of most of the material is based on the works of F. de Saussure, L. Hjelmslev, L. Wittgenstein and their interpreters, in whose texts an obvious important place is occupied by chess analogies and theoretical conclusions initiated by them. First we investigate chess metaphor in the context of language and speech structures. Next, we analyze the "chess track" in the problem of individual language and the rule-following problem. The final part is devoted to the technical elements of computer chess and the influence of this area of computer science on some of the points of cognitive theories of language and mind. The author of the article emphasizes a nontrivial transformation of the conceptual content of the chess metaphor, which indicates the evolution of computational tendencies in modern theories about language and mind. The article substantiates the thesis that the traditional chess metaphor used in the XX century in the philosophical investigation of language and mind, today it takes on a realization in the framework of computer models of the chess game. Machine deep learning can significantly expand the horizon of computability. Game interaction makes it possible to ascribe the elements of intentional content to machine functions. Nevertheless, all the argumentation in the work is aimed at proving that the rules governing language and mind are rules different from the rules of computer intelligence.

scholarly journals Integrating social and cognitive aspects of belief dynamics: towards a unifying framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (176) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Galesic ◽  
Henrik Olsson ◽  
Jonas Dalege ◽  
Tamara van der Does ◽  
Daniel L. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Belief Dynamics

Belief change and spread have been studied in many disciplines—from psychology, sociology, economics and philosophy, to biology, computer science and statistical physics—but we still do not have a firm grasp on why some beliefs change more easily and spread faster than others. To fully capture the complex social-cognitive system that gives rise to belief dynamics, we first review insights about structural components and processes of belief dynamics studied within different disciplines. We then outline a unifying quantitative framework that enables theoretical and empirical comparisons of different belief dynamic models. This framework uses a statistical physics formalism, grounded in cognitive and social theory, as well as empirical observations. We show how this framework can be used to integrate extant knowledge and develop a more comprehensive understanding of belief dynamics.

The 1970 United States computer chess championship: The start of the longest-running experiment in computer science history

ICGA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Jonathan Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Science History ◽  
National Conference ◽  
Computer Chess ◽  
Ongoing Experiment

On August 31, 1970, an experiment began that continues to this day. The first chess tournament for computers was held as part of the Association for Computing Machinery’s (ACM’s) National Conference. The interest generated was tremendous, leading to ACM sponsoring an annual event until 1994. Chess competitions continue to this day, allowing for 50 years of data on the growth of artificial intelligence capabilities in this domain. During this period, program ratings have soared from roughly 1400 in 1970 to over 3500 today. The 1970 event was the first continuous competition in computer science history, and it represents the longest ongoing experiment in computing history.11 Some paragraphs of the text have been taken from Man vs. Machine: Challenging Human Supremacy at Chess by Karsten Müller and Jonathan Schaeffer [2018].

Training of future teachers of mathematics and informatics to teaching schoolchildren to the bases of cybersecurity

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
O. N. Troitskaya ◽  
E. D. Vohtomina
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Future Teachers ◽  
Specialized Software ◽  
Normative Documentation ◽  
Four Levels

The active development of the cybersecurity industry has led not only to the need to develop specialized software, improve the skills of employees of large companies, but also to the formation of future teachers’ skills and abilities of competent behavior in cyberspace. The analysis of the normative documentation indicates that the problem of training future teachers of mathematics and computer science for teaching schoolchildren the basics of cybersecurity comes to the fore. The article is devoted to the description of a possible way to solve the identified problems. The article presents four levels of formation of knowledge, skills of students of pedagogical areas of training in the field of cybersecurity, means and methods of their achievement, structural components of cybersecurity and the disciplines of the curriculum (bachelor’s degree), allowing to master the content of these components, describes the special features of lecture and practical lessons. The authors of the article believe that the proposed approach allows us to implement the idea of lifelong cybersecurity education according to the scheme: schoolchildren — undergraduate students — graduate students — acting teachers.

scholarly journals Basic statistical considerations for physiology: The journal Temperature toolbox

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R Caldwell ◽  
Samuel Cheuvront
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Scientific Process ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Strict Rule ◽  
Current Practices

The average environmental and occupational physiologist may find statistics are difficult to interpret and use since their formal training in statistics is limited. Unfortunately, poor statistical practices can generate erroneous or at least misleading results and distorts the evidence in the scientific literature. These problems are exacerbated when statistics are used as thoughtless ritual that is performed after the data are collected. The situation is worsened when statistics are then treated as strict judgements about the data (i.e., significant versus non-significant) without a thought given to how these statistics were calculated or their practical meaning. We propose that researchers should consider statistics at every step of the research process whether that be the designing of experiments, collecting data, analysing the data or disseminating the results. When statistics are considered as an integral part of the research process, from start to finish, several problematic practices can be mitigated. Further, proper practices in disseminating the results of a study can greatly improve the quality of the literature. Within this review, we have included a number of reminders and statistical questions researchers should answer throughout the scientific process. Rather than treat statistics as a strict rule following procedure we hope that readers will use this review to stimulate a discussion around their current practices and attempt to improve them. The code to reproduce all analyses and figures within the manuscript can be found at https:// http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BQGDH

scholarly journals Prinz’s Naturalistic Theory of Intentional Content

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (136) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Marc Artiga
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Content ◽  
Cognitive Content ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Naturalistic Theory

This paper addresses Prinz’s naturalistic theory of conceptual content, which he has defended in several works (Prinz 2000, 2002, 2006). More precisely, I present in detail and critically assess his account of referential content, which he distinguishes from nominal or cognitive content. The paper argues that Prinz’s theory faces four important difficulties, which might have significant consequences for his overall empiricist project.

scholarly journals SYNERGETIC EFFECTS MANIFESTATION BY FOUNDING COMPLEXES DEPLOYMENT OF MATHEMATICAL TASKS ON THE CHESSBOARD

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana N. Dvoryatkina ◽  
Vladimir S. Karapetyan ◽  
Alla M. Dallakyan ◽  
Svetlana A. Rozanova ◽  
Eugeny I. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Mathematical Education ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Emotional Instability ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
Chess Game

The urgency of the problem is due to the insufficient development of theoretical, content-technological and methodological aspects of the integration of mathematical knowledge and chess skills. The manifestations of synergistic effects arising in the course of the integration of mathematical and game chess activity, while resolving uncertainties on the chessboard due to the activation of key components of creativity, have not been sufficiently studied. The synergistic effect of the integration of mathematical knowledge and chess skills is considered from the perspective of the components of theoretical thinking and is evaluated by the student’s creative choice in the search for alternative solutions. The purpose of the study is to describe and evaluate the manifestations of the structural components of the creative effect in the context of the introduction of funded complexes of mathematical problems on a chessboard. The hypothesis of the research: theoretical analysis of educational material, reflection and an internal plan of action as comparable processes for solving mathematical problems in terms of implementation substantiate complexes will lead to manifestations of arguments-heuristic, intellectual and logical and motivational components of creative activity. The research assumed the measurement of the manifestations of the structural components of creativity in the context of the introduction of funding complexes of mathematical problems on a chessboard. In the process of identifying the structural components of creativity, psychodiagnostic diagnostics tools were developed for intellectual-heuristic, intellectual-logical, motivational and reflexive aspects, comparative diagnostics were carried out for all structural components, the average level and integral indicators in the control and experimental groups were calculated. The formation of creativity was carried out by developing the ability to argue in the process of solving multi-stage mathematical problems on the chessboard. The choice of cause-and-effect relationships stimulated creative independence and reflexivity, enhancing the manifestations of the synergistic effect. On the basis of internal cognitive consonance, non-standard original ideas were identified; by overcoming emotional instability, the logical component of argumentation was strengthened. The results of the research revealed a positive trend in the key components of creativity in the context of the introduction of a chess game in the process of learning mathematics. In the future, it is possible to upgrade the methodological educational material for the system of inclusive mathematical education.

scholarly journals Regular matters: credibility determination and the institutional habitus in a Swiss asylum office

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Affolter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Assessment Practices ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Regular Feature ◽  
Administrative Work ◽  
Institutional Habitus ◽  
Strict Rule

AbstractThis article seeks to understand a common and regular feature of asylum decision-making, namely, that the majority of asylum claims are rejected, mostly on the basis of non-credibility. It draws on a bottom-up, qualitative study of an administration in which asylum decision-making takes place: the Swiss Secretariat for Migration. By adopting a practice-theoretical approach to administrative work, it advocates paying attention to caseworkers’ routinised, self-evident and largely unquestioned behaviours, not only in terms of what they do, but also of what they think, feel and know. Building on Bourdieu, it introduces the concept of institutional habitus, which refers to the dispositions caseworkers develop on the job. On the basis of a specific decision-making practice termed ‘digging deep’, the article shows how these dispositions are structured and how, through the practices institutional habitus generates, these ‘structuring structures’ are continuously reaffirmed, leading to the relatively stable outcomes of administrative decision-making that can be observed from the outside. The article argues against the assumption that regularities of administrative work should be understood as the outcome of strict rule-following, top-down orders and political instrumentalism. At the same time, it challenges the individualist quality sometimes ascribed to discretionary practices in street-level bureaucracy literature and in critiques of credibility assessment practices in asylum adjudication.

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron microscopy of amino acid absorption and transport by the small intestine: inhibition by chemical poisons and correlation to the elemental composition of the epithelial cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
A. J. Tousimis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Isotope Labeling ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Transport Studies

The elemental composition of amino acids is similar to that of the major structural components of the epithelial cells of the small intestine and other tissues. Therefore, their subcellular localization and concentration measurements are not possible by x-ray microanalysis. Radioactive isotope labeling: I131-tyrosine, Se75-methionine and S35-methionine have been successfully employed in numerous absorption and transport studies. The latter two have been utilized both in vitro and vivo, with similar results in the hamster and human small intestine. Non-radioactive Selenomethionine, since its absorption/transport behavior is assumed to be the same as that of Se75- methionine and S75-methionine could serve as a compound tracer for this amino acid.

Freeze-fracture cytochemistry: A goal set by Russell Steere in 1957

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Severs
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
Routine Application ◽  
The Future ◽  
Freeze Etching

In his pioneering demonstration of the potential of freeze-etching in biological systems, Russell Steere assessed the future promise and limitations of the technique with remarkable foresight. Item 2 in his list of inherent difficulties as they then stood stated “The chemical nature of the objects seen in the replica cannot be determined”. This defined a major goal for practitioners of freeze-fracture which, for more than a decade, seemed unattainable. It was not until the introduction of the label-fracture-etch technique in the early 1970s that the mould was broken, and not until the following decade that the full scope of modern freeze-fracture cytochemistry took shape. The culmination of these developments in the 1990s now equips the researcher with a set of effective techniques for routine application in cell and membrane biology.Freeze-fracture cytochemical techniques are all designed to provide information on the chemical nature of structural components revealed by freeze-fracture, but differ in how this is achieved, in precisely what type of information is obtained, and in which types of specimen can be studied.

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