The ‘Scandal’ of Women’s Pensions in Britain: How Did It Come About?

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Thane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
State Pension

In 2005, just 19 per cent of women pensioners in Britain were entitled to the full basic state pension (itself insufficient to live on without a supplement) compared with 92 per cent of men. The current problems of poverty among older women are not new. The difficulties for women of providing for their old age have been known for more than a century and have never gone away, but they have been evaded by successive governments, not least because they are hard to solve without considerable public expense. The two main ‘pillars’ of the British pension system throughout the past century were state and occupational pensions, both of which have failed most older women. Younger women now spend longer periods in paid work than earlier age cohorts and average female earnings have risen, but a gender gap in work opportunities and pay, and in capacity to save, remains. This chapter discusses the first British pensions, pensions between the wars, William Beveridge's views on women's pensions, and pensions and social change after World War II.

scholarly journals Building a Culture of Retirement: Class, Politics and Pensions in Post-World War II Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-282
Author(s):  
James Struthers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
Pension Program

Abstract This paper examines four factors which influenced the development of old age pensions in Canada after World War II. The legacy of Canada's original means-tested pension program, the class politics of pension bargaining between business and organized labour on both sides of the border, the policy example of Social Security in the United States, and the key importance of the insurance and investment industry lobby operating through successive Conservative governments in Ontario, are highlighted as critical factors which affected the timing and limited the scope of Canada's public pension system. The residualist design of Old Age Security in 1951 and Ontario's success in gaining a veto over reforms to the Canada Pension Plan in 1965 are singled out as a key factors behind the current vulnerability of Canadian public pensions to fiscal cutbacks compared to the Social Security in the United States.

The Gender Gap in Earnings during World War II: New Evidence

ILR Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
World War ◽  
New Evidence

scholarly journals Standardization of implementation of the mandatory privately managed pillar of the pension system of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-130
Author(s):  
Anastasiia SVIRIDOVSKA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Chernobyl Accident ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Real Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Pension Benefits

According to the current legislation, the modern Ukrainian pension system is not yet fully formed. In Ukraine, PFC contributions currently form a source of pension benefits for citizens. The solidarity pension system is crumbling . That is, as in the rest of the world, the nation is aging, the share of retirees is growing, and there is less able-bodied population. The search for new ways to save for old age is in the direction of creating a mandatory accumulation under the supervision of the state. Thus, today, a second level of the pension system, mandatory accumulative component, and a rather underdeveloped and unpopular non-state pension system, which forms the third level of the national pension system, do not function. However, in 2020, the work on the concept and bill on the mandatory savings system was intensified. Its introduction is seen as a tool that can increase both the level of pensions and their differentiation. But the world experience of such reforms shows that the real effect on payments from the savings system will have to wait at least 15-20 or even 25 years. The article examines the issue of introducing a funded pension level at the legislative level. According to the results of an expanded analysis of 19 draft laws on reforming the current pension legislation and proposals for new laws on these issues in the period from 2018 to 2021, we can conclude that there is no single concept of amending legislation, so most bills are either withdrawn or sent for further refinement. Currently, various aspects of the pension system of Ukraine are regulated by a large number of legislative acts, so there are signs of dispersion in these draft legislative changes. Most of the bills are developed to enhance the welfare of certain categories of citizens, including servicemen, single mothers, victims of the Chernobyl accident, war veterans and more. The issues of the accumulative pension system are mainly raised in the bills of 2020–2021.

The teaching of mathematics in Italian schools

1954 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Beniamino Segre
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
World War ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
The Past ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics

During the past century secondary education in Italy has frequently been subject to modification and, sometimes, even radical reform. At the end of World War II the Italian secondary schools were left in a serious plight as a result of the general situation of the country, the destruction of school buildings, and, above all, through the baneful effect of fascism. For these reasons the former minister Gonella recently put forward a new measure of reform, the details of which are now about to be discussed by Parliament. This reform would have the effect of reducing the number of teaching hours, of co-ordinating and lightening the chaotic and overloaded syllabi, and of adding civic education and character formation to the curriculum.

Mediating Reputation: Credit Reporting Systems in American History

2013 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lipartito
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Credit Reporting ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Organizational Procedures ◽  
Credit Worthiness

Examining the development of credit reporting in the United States, this article shows how new, formal methods of assessment of risk and trustworthiness came to mediate business reputations in the credit market over the past century and a half. It focuses on the conflicts over reputation provoked by the new means of assessment and how those conflicts were controlled through organizational procedures and routines as new methodologies were introduced. After World War II seemingly objective quantitative methodologies for evaluating credit worthiness were developed, but they did not eliminate the place of reputation in business decision-making.

The Gender Gap in Earnings during World War II: New Evidence

ILR Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Long Term Trend

Contrary to the widely held belief that women's earnings rose relative to men's during World War II because of women's unprecedented movement into heavy manufacturing industries, the author of this study finds that the national all-industry earnings of women during the war fell compared to those of men. In Pennsylvania, Illinois, and New York, the relative weekly and annual earnings of female manufacturing workers rose, but at a rate below that of the long-term trend. Overall, the decline in women's weekly and annual earnings compared to men's probably resulted from the relative increase in men's hours worked—a result of state protective legislation that limited women's hours of work.

Working Class Rosies: Women Industrial Workers during World War II

1992 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherrie A. Kossoudji ◽  
Laura J. Dresser
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
World War ◽  
Industrial Employment ◽  
Work Histories

After joining the industrial workforce during World War II, women disappeared from industrial employment with postwar reconversion. This article uses data from Ford Motor Company employee records to describe female industrial workers, their work histories before Ford, and their exit patterns from Ford. We draw a more complete picture of these industrial workers and discuss the differences between those who chose to leave Ford and those who left involuntarily. Contrary to popular myth it was housewives, along with African-American and older women, those with the fewest outside opportunities, who were more likely to be laid-off.

scholarly journals The Rise of China: Continuity or Change in the Global Governance of Development?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Weaver
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Institutional Architecture ◽  
The Rise Of China

The global financial crisis of 2008 was a reflection point for global economic governance. The crisis, which started in the U.S. banking system and had a disproportionate impact on North America and Europe, provoked widespread contemplation of the legitimacy, relevance, and effectiveness of the core ideas, rules, and structures that have governed the world economy over the past century. In turn, the crisis also illuminated the emergence of new players, power dynamics, and paradigms that promise to challenge—if not fundamentally change—the characteristics of the institutional architecture that has governed international finance, trade, and development since the end of World War II.

Further Perspectives on Modernization and Aging

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-368
Author(s):  
W. Andrew Achenbaum
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Western World ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intellectual Foundations

It is wholly appropriate that this article should follow Professor Hendricks’s, for historians’ perspectives on modernization theory generally build on the insights of social scientists. Although its intellectual foundations were laid by social philosophers and critics such as Adam Smith, Malthus, and Condorcet at the end of the eighteenth century, the main lines of modernization theory were formulated in earnest after World War II by economists, political scientists, and sociologists concerned with “developing nations” outside the Western world (Levy, 1966). Historians, in contrast, only began to join serious discussions during the past fifteen years. Our involvement in gerontology—the study of old age and aging—is of even more recent vintage. Whereas social scientists were exploring the “modernization of (old) age” during the 1950s and 1960s, few social science historians or humanists have investigated how the process of modernization affected the meanings and experiences of growing old(er) over time and across geopolitical boundaries (Maddox and Wiley, 1976; Achenbaum, forthcoming).

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