Conclusion

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Economic Change ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Credit Supply ◽  
Credit Mechanism ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Economic Failure

This book began by describing the transformation that occurred in the 1990s in the impression and ideas of credit systems in the medieval countryside. Through this change in attitude on the medieval credit system, the sophistication of rural credit mechanisms and their positive effects within the traditional economies were established. Before this time, the consensus on medieval credit mechanism was of a vehicle of poverty and stagnation. By changing the perspective of credit as a framework of crisis to focusing on credit as mere credit itself, the mechanism of lending and borrowing during the medieval period was not constantly borne out of crisis. It has been found out that credit supply did not always fail in problem periods, that debtors were not always worse off than their lenders, and that leasing of land by debtors was an effective strategy compatible with individual prosperity and not an indication of economic failure. In sum, the credit system of medieval Europe had bearings on the economy of the country. Although rural credit had little effect on the overall contours of the economic change of Europe, it nonetheless shaped other significant forces. In the earlier part of the century, the rural credit system was there to reinforce wealth, and influenced in such a way to separate the peasants from the upper strata. In the second half of the century, market opportunities were exploited by the means of credit mechanisms. However, when economic contraction happened at the end of the century due to the sustained demographic collapse and monetary difficulties, rural credit mechanisms fell into abeyance.

The forms of credit and their uses

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Future ◽  
Term Basis

Interactions and exchanges in medieval Europe were dominated by the involvement of credit. In the broad sense, it means allowing someone a benefit or granting them a service on the premise and understanding that one would be able to make claim upon that person or their family in the future. Although credit in medieval Europe has the potential for diversity, most credit in medieval villages took a number of similar and familiar forms. This chapter aims to determine which forms of credit transaction were in use in England in the period and to establish which was the most important. The chapter also assesses the uses of credit and the amount and quantities of credit extended to the villages. In addition to determining the meaning of debt in the fourteenth-century context, the chapter also addresses the strengths and weaknesses of the English rural credit system compared with the contemporary regions of Europe. It also tackles two propositions concerning the credit system of medieval England. The first proposition assumes that the credit transactions in this period were generally small-scale and tended towards providing essentials on a short-term basis. The second proposition addressed herein assumes that borrowing during this period was large-scale, a reflection of the orientation of the transactions to enhance the borrower's future as well as the lender's.

Role of local banks as potential primary stakeholders in community-type destinations

2010 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
Community Type ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Tourist Development

The aim of the paper is to analyse the role of rural credit unions (CRs) in the local financial system and their position as potential primary stakeholders in communitytype destinations. These destinations could be considered as networks characterised by relationships to be understood through the network approach and stakeholder theory. In community-type destinations the level of integration of the tourist offer depends on the intensity and structure of relationships, that is, on the coordination among enterprises, public bodies, local communities and destination management organisations, that manage only a part of the resources and participate with distinct roles, capabilities and power. In these destinations the local credit system has a fundamental role, since it funds enterprises and takes part in local development projects. The CRs are cooperative banks that - by statute - foster economic and social development of the territory. The field research conducted in a typical community-type destination in Italy investigated if there exists a link between the role of the CRs and the development of the tourist offer, to test if they are also primary stakeholders for the tourist development of the territory. The research highlights that CRs are primary stakeholders for the development of traditional economic activities and that they have mainly a financing role for the development of the tourist offer. Signals of change in role are perceivable within the network: from financier to partner in the planning of initiatives and support activities of the tourist development. The results suggest a possible re-positioning of local banks in the network for tourist development projects.

scholarly journals Village Level Analysis of Credit and Livelihood Enhancement of Microfinance in Andhra Pradesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Jaya Priyadarshini Yarikipati ◽  
Srinivasa Rao Pinamala
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Micro finance as an institution are seen to have characteristics that help to solve the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection, which are the existing problems of rural credit institutions which other institutions failed to do. Group lending, peer monitoring and joint liability systems solve the adverse selection and moral hazard issues associated with rural credit markets. This study also focused in finding out the impact of micro finance programme on poverty, money lenders, women empowerment and living standards of the rural poor based on the primary and secondary data collected from Kamavarapukota mandal in Andhra Pradesh in India. Using primary data collected from the filled survey through the constructive schedules and personal interview to estimates the linkages between microfinance and its impacts on rural credit facilities, dependency ratio of money lenders for their credit needs, reduction of rural poverty, and empowerment of women in socio-economic activities.  The conclusion of this study, clearly states that the introducing microfinance inducing the overall improvements of their credit facilities as well as augmentations of their livelihood facilities in different sections of the society.  Further positive effects of this programme is that to  reinforcements of vulnerable groups or targeted population Particularly, SCs, STS, OBCs and other weaker section of the society directly to empower and to participate  in social, economic,  and political activities

Population and Economic Change: The Emergence of the Rice Industry in Guyana, 1895–1915

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay R. Mandle
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Considered analytically population growth may either have positive or negative influences on economic growth. Population expansion may, by facilitating a widening of markets, allow for economies of scale to be realized and permit the introduction of new industries, or by relieving labor scarcities, facilitate economic expansion. Possible negative implications for economic growth may result however, as Malthus argued, through the mechanism of diminishing returns or by changing the age structure of the population so as to increase the proportion of dependents relative to economically active producers and thus reduce the volume of goods and services available to each individual. The point is that economic analysis prima facia is agnostic with respect to the net effect of population change on economic change. One or all of the above relationships may be operative in any individual country experience and without careful empirical observations, it is impossible to identify accurately whether the negative or positive effects are dominant. Clearly what is needed before general statements about the relationship between population and economic change can be supported is a series of country studies whose purpose will be not only to determine the frequency with which the optimistic or pessimistic influences predominate, but in addition to identify the intervening economic and social institutions which account for the predominance of one or the other effect.

scholarly journals The Analysis Of The Rural Credit Market In Ghana

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Owusu-Antwi ◽  
James Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Interest Rate Policy ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Credit Market

The formal banking sector does not satisfy the growing demand for credit, and many borrowers turn to informal loan sources to meet their production and consumption needs. The problem of the rural credit, which includes supplying credit for a rural community for economic growth, is reemerging on the development agenda as a pressing issue. The rural economy is financially very fragile. Lack of credit is a significant and sometimes binding constraint, limiting investment in productivity-enhancing technology and inputs. Rural credit plays a critical role in household strategies to reduce vulnerability. In spite of the contribution that credit entails to the rural development, it has been one of the crucial factors that have not been given proper attention. The purpose of this paper is to identify problems that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. The paper is premised on the theoretical understanding of rural credit markets and applies the framework to investigate the aspect of the rural credit market in Ghana. Improving the rural credit system will help to raise household incomes and reduce poverty and will contribute to the eradication of extreme poverty. The paper identifies high cost, interest rate, lack of collateral, lack of innovation and high delinquency rates as the main factors that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. This paper will interest policymakers to place more emphasis on savings mobilization and to revisit interest rate policy, while providing cheap and adequate credit to small and poor farmers.

scholarly journals Virtual Pathology Learning Resource is proving to be an effective strategy in teaching Pathology to allied health science students

10.28945/3972 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Allied Health ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Learning Resource ◽  
Health Science Students ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Human Pathology

Aim/Purpose: [This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2018 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 15] The aim of this study was to concept test a novel instructional aid called Virtual Pathology Learning Resource (VPLR), which was used as a vehicle to communicate information, and enhance teaching and learning of basic sciences (Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology) to allied health science students at a South Australian university.  Background: Pathology was traditionally taught using potted specimens to independently review macroscopic features of disease. However, this approach alone was found inadequate and ineffective. For one, the potted specimens were not easily accessible for all students. VPLR is a new teaching platform comprising of digitised human normal and human pathology specimens (histology, histopathology), patient case studies, short answer and critical thinking questions, and self-assessment quizzes. Using authentic learning theory as an educational approach, this learning resource was developed to enhance the teaching and learning of Pathology. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used. A survey, administered at the conclusion of the course, gathered qualitative and quantitative data concerning the perceptions and experiences of the students about VPLR. The online tool SurveyMonkey was utilised so that students could respond anonymously to a web link that displayed the questionnaire. The effectiveness of the program and its perceived impact on students was assessed using a 18-item questionnaire seeking agreement or disagreement with statements about VPLR, and open-ended questions querying the best things about VPLR, benefits to be derived, and areas for improvement. Descriptive and frequency analyses were performed. Contribution: The VPLR approach involved rich learning situations, contextualised content, and facilitated greater understanding of disease concepts and problems. Findings: In a sample of 103 Medical Radiation students, 42% of students (N=43) responded to the post-intervention survey.  The majority of students reported highly positive effects for each component of the VPLR.  The overall results indicated that this tool was an effective strategy in teaching Pathology as it assisted students' gaining knowledge and developing professional imaging skills. Recommendations for Practitioners: As students found VLPR to be beneficial, it is recommended that the same approach be applied for teaching of Pathology to other allied health students, such as Nursing. Other universities might consider adopting this innovation for their courses. Recommendation for Researchers: Applying VPLR to other allied health science students will be undertaken next. This innovation will be appropriate for other health science students with particular emphasis on case-based or problem-based learning, and combined with clinical experiences. Impact on Society: In reshaping the way of teaching a science course, students are benefited by a greater depth of understanding of content, and increase motivation with study. These are important to keep students engaged and prepared for practice. VPLR may impact on education and technology trends so that continuous exploration and possibilities of initiatives are ongoing to help students be successful learners. Other impacts are the new forms of learning discovered, and the renewed focus on group work and collaboration and the use of technology in innovation. Future Research: Future directions of this research would be to conduct a follow-up of this cohort of students to determine if the impacts of the innovation were durable, that means the change in perceptions and behaviour are sustained over time.

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