A low-cost integrated desalination and irrigation technique tested on dual-purpose sorghum in Turkana County, Kenya

In recent decades, the eutrophication of surface water has become a major environmental concern. Increased concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous lead to eutrophication condition which highlights the demand for effective and economical methods of removing nitrogen and phosphorous from waste water. Bio flocculation using microalgae is an excellent candidate for satisfying the dual purpose of nutrient removal and waste water treatment. It has so many advantages over conventional methods such as toxic free, no chemical is needed, low cost etc. In this review the bio flocculation of microalgae, its mechanisms, applications and harvesting methods are discussed. Keywords: Bio flocculation, microalgae, nutrient removal, waste water treatment

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Technical Efficiency of the Dual-Purpose Cattle System in Venezuela

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800023373 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 719-733 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Leonardo E. Ortega ◽

Ronald W. Ward ◽

Chris O. Andrew

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Developed Countries ◽

General Idea ◽

Stochastic Production Frontier ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Managerial Decisions ◽

Dual Purpose Cattle ◽

Productivity Indices ◽

Stochastic Production

A stochastic production frontier model was estimated to provide standard measurement of technical efficiency of the dual-purpose cattle system located in Zulia State, Venezuela. This system is based on local and low-cost inputs, but has been considered to be inefficient because of its low partial productivity indices when compared with those used in developed countries. Results indicate that the efficiency of this system is reasonably high, downplaying the general idea of inefficiency. Likewise, the efficiency of this system has the potential for improvement through public policies and managerial decisions based on the determinants of technical efficiency.

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Minimising the risk of Mycobacterium chimaera infection during cardiopulmonary bypass by the removal of heater-cooler units from the operating room

Perfusion ◽

10.1177/0267659117739103 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 264-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas A. Barker ◽

Uday Dandekar ◽

Nina Fraser ◽

Lincoln Dawkin ◽

Paul Sweeney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

Operating Room ◽

Low Cost ◽

Airborne Bacteria ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Standard Operating ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Surgical Field ◽

Circuit Function

Introduction: Mycobacterium chimaera ( M. chimaera) is a recently characterised bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections in small numbers of patients who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery. The likely mode of transmission is thought to occur through aerosolisation from contaminated water reservoirs. The airborne bacteria then contaminate the surgical field, leading to an infection months or even years later. The preferred practical solution to disrupt the transmission of these airborne bacteria to the patient is to remove the heater-cooler units (HCUs) from the operating room (OR). We describe a process of achieving this in order to provide information to guide other institutions who wish to do a similar thing. Methods: A multidisciplinary team was assembled to work on the project. The planning phase involved trialling different OR layouts and simulating the alterations in the HCU circuit function. The changes to the OR were made over a weekend to minimise disruption to the operating schedule. Results: The HCU was moved to the dirty utility room adjacent to the OR. Standard operating procedures (SOP) and risk assessments were made to enable this to be used for a dual purpose. One of the ORs was reconfigured to allow the cardiopulmonary bypass machine to be located close to the HCU in the dirty utility room. The total cost of the alterations was £6,158. Although we have provided a physical barrier to interrupt patient exposure to aerosolised M. chimaera from HCUs, we continue to perform cultures and decontamination as per the national recommendations. The SOP was designed to be auditable to ensure compliance with the protocols. Conclusions: We show a method by which the HCU can be removed from the OR in a relatively low-cost, straightforward and practical manner.

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CRATER-SINK SAND TRANSFER SYSTEM

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v12.58 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Douglas L. Inman ◽

Roland W. Harris

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Transfer System ◽

Jet Pump ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Sea Floor

A sand transfer system that requires no surface impounding area and that can be installed and operated at low cost is proposed The system consists of a hydraulic jet assembly operating from the bottom of a sand crater A jet pump and suction mouth are located at the lowest point of a crater-like depression dredged into the sea floor The crater acts as a gravity-fed sink for sand and other cohesion I ess material, thus serving the dual purpose of a mechanism for collecting sand and a sub-surface impounding area for the accumulation of sand.

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The economic benefits of providing shelter to reduce the mortality of twin lambs in south-western Victoria

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an13256 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 773 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. M. Young ◽

G. Saul ◽

R. Behrendt ◽

F. Byrne ◽

M. McCaskill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Economic Value ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Financial Benefits ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Western Victoria ◽

Stocking Rates

Achieving higher lamb weaning percentages by reducing lamb mortality can improve the profitability of sheep enterprises. In this paper we estimated the financial benefits from providing shelter to reduce the mortality of twin lambs in self-replacing Merino or dual-purpose Merino flock enterprises in south-west Victoria. A whole-farm bio-economic model (MIDAS) was initially used to estimate the increase in profit from reducing mortality of twin lambs and a second analysis included the costs of using perennial grass hedges to provide the shelter during lambing. The economic value of providing shelter was tested at three rates of twinning (10, 30 and 50%), three rates of mortality without shelter (70, 50 and 30%) and two levels of reduction in lamb mortality by providing shelter (25 and 50% reduction). A sensitivity analysis to wool and lamb prices, costs of establishing the grass hedges and stocking rates in the shelter area were also tested. Overall, more than 2500 scenarios were tested. Across the range of twinning rates and levels of twin mortality tested, at standard wool and meat prices, providing shelter to the dual-purpose Merino ewe flock was always profitable ($0.05 to 11.35/ewe) and the profits from providing shelter to the self-replacing Merino ewe flock were generally lower ($0.15 to $6.35/ewe). The impacts of changing wool and lamb prices depended on enterprise type, whereas the costs of establishment of the hedges or stocking rate of ewes in the hedge area during lambing had little impact on profitability. The main factor that determined the economic return from shelter was the reduction in mortality provided by the shelter but the proportion of twin-bearing ewes in the flock and the base rate of lamb mortality without shelter was also important. Overall, based on the assumptions used, we conclude that the profitability of many sheep enterprises lambing during frequent high chill weather conditions in temperate areas of south-eastern Australia could be improved by providing low cost shelter for twin-bearing Merino ewes lambing from July to September.

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Photopolymerized superhydrophobic hybrid coating enabled by dual-purpose tetrapodal ZnO for liquid/liquid separation

Materials Horizons ◽

10.1039/d1mh01672e ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Chenxuan Li ◽

Brian Lee ◽

Chenxu Wang ◽

Aayushi Bajpayee ◽

Lacey Douglas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Low Cost ◽

Liquid Mixtures ◽

Immiscible Liquid ◽

Hybrid Coating ◽

Superhydrophobic Coating ◽

Stainless Steel Mesh ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Efficient Separation ◽

Coating Methods

The development of low-cost and scalable superhydrophobic coating methods demands viable approaches for energy-efficient separation of immiscible liquid/liquid mixtures. A scalable photoinitiated method is developed to functionalize stainless-steel mesh with...

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Low Cost Feeding Strategies for Dual Purpose Cattle in Venezuela

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(90)78732-2 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 792-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P.W. Townsend ◽

R.W. Blake ◽

F.J. Holmann ◽

P.J. Van Soest ◽

C.J. Sniffen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Dual Purpose Cattle

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180 How dual-purpose chickens can help African smallholder farmers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.375 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 182-182

Author(s):

Naomi Duijvesteijn ◽

Louis Perrault

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Low Cost ◽

Rural Families ◽

Poultry Production ◽

African Countries ◽

Private Companies ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Parent Stock ◽

Gates Foundation

Abstract Poultry constitutes an important economic activity for the rural poor in many African countries. Additionally in many rural families, poultry provides the family with a low cost, highly efficient and nutritious protein. Unfortunately, the smallholder farmers in rural areas often do not have access to these improved genetics. The access to an improved low-input and dual-purpose chicken to supplement the local indigenous breeds could transform the rural poultry enterprise. In some countries, investments are made to support the African Poultry Multiplication Initiative (APMI) or other comparable structures. The APMI generally operates through capable local private companies to establish a parent stock (PS) and hatchery operation for the supply of improved dual purpose chicken breeds to farmers in their communities. The day-old-chicks from the PS farm are transported to so called “Brooder Units” who will specialize in the brooding, feeding, and proper vaccination process for the first 30–40 days of the chicks life. Through this system, local smallholder farmers have access to improved genetics and the chickens have a high chance to survive due to their good start. Recently Hendrix Genetics received a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to further enhance the use of improved poultry genetics in rural Africa. The program named “Sustainable Access to Poultry Parent Stock for Africa (SAPPSA)” aims to 1) secure access of poultry parent stock, 2) grow the APMI-like initiatives within and across countries and 3) improve the dual purpose better breeds for African smallholder farmers. By securing access to high quality PS and improving the breeding program of dual-purpose breeds under African conditions, the APMI can be better implemented in African countries. It will result in 1) increase poultry production and productivity, 2) increase rural household income 3) improved household nutrition and 4) empowerment of women.

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Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075117 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Y. L. Chen ◽

S. Fujlshiro

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

High Strength ◽

Alpha Phase ◽

Thick Sheet ◽

Omega Phase ◽

Beta Titanium Alloy ◽

Beta Titanium ◽

Beta Matrix ◽

Metastable Beta ◽

Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

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Chromic Acid Etching of Polyethylene

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070801 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 72-73

Author(s):

J. D. Muzzy ◽

R. D. Hester ◽

J. L. Hubbard

Keyword(s):

Chromic Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Crystalline Morphology ◽

Bulk Specimen ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Perfect Form ◽

Molecular Length ◽

Lamellar Texture ◽

Cost Studies

Polyethylene is one of the most important plastics produced today because of its good physical properties, ease of fabrication and low cost. Studies to improve the properties of polyethylene are leading to an understanding of its crystalline morphology. Polyethylene crystallized by evaporation from dilute solutions consists of thin crystals called lamellae. The polyethylene molecules are parallel to the thickness of the lamellae and are folded since the thickness of the lamellae is much less than the molecular length. This lamellar texture persists in less perfect form in polyethylene crystallized from the melt.Morphological studies of melt crystallized polyethylene have been limited due to the difficulty of isolating the microstructure from the bulk specimen without destroying or deforming it.

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