scholarly journals Estudo anatômico da madeira de Myrceugenia glaucescens (Camb.) Legr. et Kaus

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori ◽  
Graciela I. Bolzon Muñiz
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Type I ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Vestured Pits

The general and minute wood features of Myrceugenia glaucescens are described. Anatomical data and photomicrographs of the wood are presented. The microscopic structure of the wood is compared with references of the species, genus and family Myrtaceae found in literature. The most important characters observed in the wood are the occurrence of perforation plates varying from simples to scelariform and reticulate, vessel-ray pits radially elongated, spiral thickenings in vessel elements and in the relatively scarce vasicentric tracheids. The presence of Heterogeneous type-I rays, vestured pits, very long vessel elements, apotracheal parenchyma, fibre tracheids and solitary pores, are also important features of this wood and of common occurrence in Myrtaceae.

Extinct Juglandaceous Wood from the Eocene of Oregon and Its Implications for Xylem Evolution in the Juglandaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Manchester ◽  
E.A. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Extant Genus ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
The Common ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Clarnoxylon blanchardii gen. et sp. nov. is a new taxon for fossil wood with a suite of features diagnostic of the Juglandaceae. It occurs at two Middle Eocene (c. 43-44 million years b.p.) localities in the Clarno Fonnation of central Oregon, USA. Clarnoxylon resembles the Platycaryeae and the Hicorieae in having exclusively simple perforation plates and solid pith. However, the common occurrence of crystalliferous idioblasts in the rays, but not in the axial parenchyma, and the cooccurrence at Clarno of platycaryoid fmits and pollen unaccompanied by hicorioid fmits indicate that Clarnoxylon has affinities with the Platycaryeae. Differences between Clarnoxylon and Platycarya support previous suggestions that short vessel elements, helical thickenings, and vascular tracheids are derived characters of Platycarya. These differences are also in accord with the ecological adaptation of the extant genus Platycarya to a temperate climate contrasting with the tropical Middle Ebcene setting of Clarnoxylon.

Characterisation of xylem conduits and their possible role in limiting the vase life of cut Acacia holosericea (Mimosaceae) foliage stems

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jilushi W. Damunupola ◽  
Kamani Ratnayake ◽  
Daryl C. Joyce ◽  
Donald E. Irving
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Acacia Holosericea ◽  
Cut Foliage ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Vestured Pits ◽  
Xylem Conduits

Early desiccation limits the vase life of Acacia cut flowers and foliage and may be attributable to poor hydraulic conductivity (Kh) of the cut stems. Acacia holosericea A.Cunn. ex G.Don has been adopted as the test species to investigate the postharvest water relations of the genus Acacia. To understand potential constraints on Kh, xylem conduits in cut A. holosericea stems were anatomically characterised by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Vessels with simple perforation plates and tracheids were the principal water conducting cells. Bordered vestured intervessel pits were present in xylem vessel elements. The majority of conduits (89%) were short at 1–5 cm long. Only 2% were 15–16 cm in length. Mean xylem conduit diameter was 77 ± 0.9 µm and the diameter profile showed a normal distribution, with 29% of diameters in the range of 70–80 µm. Simple perforation plates can offer relatively low resistance to water flow. On the other hand, bordered vestured pits and short xylem conduits can confer comparatively high resistance to water flow. Overall, the presence of bordered vestured pits, together with a high proportion of short xylem conduits and high stomatal densities (232 ± 2 mm–2) on unifacial phyllodes, could contribute to early dehydration of A. holosericea cut foliage stems standing in vase water. Further research will relate these anatomical features with changes in Kh and transpiration of cut foliage stems.

Comparative Wood Anatomy of Root and Stem in Styrax Camporum (Styracaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia R. Machado ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso ◽  
Berta L. de Morretes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vestured Pits

Styrax camporum Pohl is a shrub common in the cerrado vegetation of south-eastern Brazil. Root and stem wood in Styrax camporum differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative differences follow normal expectations: roots have wider and longer vessel elements, a lower vessel frequency, a lower ray frequency, and wider rays. Qualitative features of the roots are: simple perforation plates, vestured pits, and septate libriform fibres; qualitative features of the stems are: multiple perforation plates, non-vestured pits, and non-septate fibre-tracheids. Based on generally accepted evolutionary trends, root wood of Styrax camporum has more specialized features than stem wood. Additional comparative studies of stem and root anatomy are needed to determine if such differences between root and stem anatomy are widespread, and consistent with the lines of specialization observed in monocotyledons.

scholarly journals Anatomía de la madera de especies arbóteas de un bosque mesófilo de montaña: un enfoque ecológico-evolutivo

2017 ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Aguilar-Rodríguez ◽  
Josefina Barajas-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Type I ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Ecological Wood Anatomy ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Bosque Mesófilo De Montaña ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Long Fibers

In order to investigate trends in ecological wood anatomy of a cloud forest, 29 tree species from Ocuilan, State of Mexico, were studied. The results suggest that the homogeneous climate of the area determines the absence of growth rings for most species; also, a narrow relationship was observed between rings and the phytogeographic origin of taxa. With respect to the remaining anatomical characters, there is a high percentage of wood with diffuse porosity; also, medium and long vessel elements are common, with small diameters and scalariform perforation plates, along with long fibers with thin walls, of libriform type, or fibrotracheids in which septs may be present or not; axial parenchym is scarce and rays are heterogeneous, of type I. These characters are discussed from an ecological and evolutionary point of view.

Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Imogen Poole ◽  
Richard W. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Narrow Endemics ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

scholarly journals An Approach to the study of vessels climber species

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Khandagale ◽  
B.K. Auti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
Large Perforation ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Soil Interface ◽  
Highly Evolved

The angiosperms are characterized by vessels in wood, and therefore, vessel elements were selected to study them in climber species. Xylem is the specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stem and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage. Water is the primary solvent for plant nutrition and metabolism and is essential for photosynthesis, turgor and for transport of minerals, hormones and other molecules. Studies on vessels showed that the characters of vessels can throw some light on the phylogeny of species. The short vessel members with many perforation plates with a single large perforation are most specialized and those that were long with elongate obliquely placed perforation plates with many perforations separated by bars that together give a scalariform appearance are primitive. The degree of specialization of vessel elements can be measured in terms of vessel length, breadth and the number of bars on the end plate of vessels. Vessels show highly evolved and primitive vessel elements. Mostly elongated vessel elements are present in middle region of the stem. During this study the broadest vessels were found in the middle part of the stem of dicots (Clitoria, Daemia and Aristolochia) and root of the monocots (Gloriosa) and the narrowest vessel elements were found in different parts of the species investigated. The present work is supported with line drawings of prepared stained sections, provides a framework of the vessels. This study will be very useful to a wideseries of community, who work with plants.

The Occurrence of Scalariform Perforation Plates and Helical Vessel Wall Thickenings in Wood of Myrtaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Schmid ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

The occurrence of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings in vessel elements of 144 species (plus 12 varieties and 2 hybrids) in 53 genera of Myrtaceae was extensively explored. Scalariform perforation plates occur in 40 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Luma, Myrceugenia, Myrteola, Ugni, and in the monotypic Myrtastrum rujo-punctatum, Neomyrtus pedunculata, and Tepualia stipularis. Ugni candollei also has foraminate (i.e., sieve-like) perforation plates. Helical wall thickenings occur in 33 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Acmena, Austromyrtus, Myrceugenia, Myrcia, Myrcianthes Psidium, Xanthomyrtus, and in Myrtus communis. Most of these records are new. The speeies with exclusively scalariform perforation plates (in Luma, Myrteola, Neomyrtus, and Ugni) are from cool mesic habitats; those with mixed simple and multiple perforation plates are also largely cool mesic but show a somewhat greater diversity of habitats. Myrtaceae with exclusively simple perforation plates predominate in all habitat types. Helical wall thickenings occur sporadically throughout the distributional range ofthe family. However, tropical species tend to have weaker helical thickenings than the subtropical and temperate species exhibiting them. The possible functional significance of these ecological tendeneies is discussed. It is hypothesised that multiple perforation plates were retained in some cool mesic Myrtaceae because of a lack of strong selective pressure to eliminate them from this type of environment, rather than that they were retained because of adaptive significance in trapping embolisms. The systematic and diagnostic value of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings is also discussed. Scalariform plates are largely confined to related genera in Myrtoideae; Tepualia is the only representative from Leptospermoideae. Helical wall thickenings are only of limited diagnostic and systematic value above the species level.

Scanning electron microscopy of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in xylem vessels of wilt-resistant and susceptible tomato plants

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (22) ◽  
pp. 2360-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L. Stromberg ◽  
Malcolm E. Corden
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Susceptible Tomato ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Pathogen Combinations

Vessels in stems of 'Jefferson' (race 1 resistant and race 2 susceptible) and 'Bonny Best' (race 1 and 2 susceptible) tomato cultivars inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 or 2 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Four days after inoculation of Jefferson with conidia of race 1, the inoculum conidia and resultant hyphae generally were collapsed, whereas in the susceptible host–pathogen combinations the inoculum conidia and hyphae appeared normal. Neither the plants of the resistant nor the susceptible host-pathogen combinations had perforation plates or tyloses within vessel elements capable of trapping conidia or effectively blocking hyphal growth. The perforation plates of all vessel elements are reduced to slightly lipped rims and thus provide unrestricted apertures for hyphal growth and conidial movement in the transpiration stream. In the susceptible host–pathogen combinations, mycelial growth often filled the vessels, but no sporulation was noted. Frequent lateral spread of the pathogen occurred between adjacent vessels through the bordered pit-pairs. Infrequent occurrence of tyloses and a lack of occlusions by tyloses in the resistant host–pathogen combination suggest that vascular wilt resistance within the stem is not due primarily to physical containment of the pathogen in the vessels. Collapsed conidia and hyphae in the resistant host–pathogen combination suggests that fungitoxic materials in the vessels suppress the pathogen and contribute to resistance.

scholarly journals Trabeculae and Al-accumulation in the wood cells of Melastomataceae species from Brazilian savanna

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Gelatinous Fiber ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
First Time ◽  
Additional Role

Family Melastomataceae is an important component of the Brazilian Cerrado flora, inhabiting different environments from those with well-drained soils to swamp soil sites. Several members of this family are recognized as aluminum (Al)-accumulating. We studied the wood anatomy of six species of Melastomataceae (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, M. fallax DC., M. chamissois Naudin, M. ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Microlepis oleaefolia (DC.) Triana, Rhynchanthera dichotoma DC.), growing in different environments of Cerrado, exploring the occurrence of trabeculae and Al-accumulation sites. We processed the material following the usual techniques in wood anatomy and histochemistry. We used a chrome azurol-S spot-test in fresh material to detect Al-accumulation. The common features were diffuse porosity, vessel elements with simple perforation plates and vestured pits, abundant parenchyma-like fiber bands and septate fibers, axial parenchyma scanty to vasicentric, and heterocellular rays. The presence of trabeculae in vessel elements, septa in parenchyma cells, and aluminum in the G-layer of the gelatinous fiber walls, in the septa of fibers, in cambial initials and derivatives cell walls, and in the vacuole of ray cells are recorded for the first time for Melastomataceae. The results of this study indicate an additional role for gelatinous fibers in Al-accumulation, and offer a new perspective on Al-compartmentalization in the wood cells from Cerrado species.

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