scholarly journals An Approach to the study of vessels climber species

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Khandagale ◽  
B.K. Auti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
Large Perforation ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Soil Interface ◽  
Highly Evolved

The angiosperms are characterized by vessels in wood, and therefore, vessel elements were selected to study them in climber species. Xylem is the specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stem and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage. Water is the primary solvent for plant nutrition and metabolism and is essential for photosynthesis, turgor and for transport of minerals, hormones and other molecules. Studies on vessels showed that the characters of vessels can throw some light on the phylogeny of species. The short vessel members with many perforation plates with a single large perforation are most specialized and those that were long with elongate obliquely placed perforation plates with many perforations separated by bars that together give a scalariform appearance are primitive. The degree of specialization of vessel elements can be measured in terms of vessel length, breadth and the number of bars on the end plate of vessels. Vessels show highly evolved and primitive vessel elements. Mostly elongated vessel elements are present in middle region of the stem. During this study the broadest vessels were found in the middle part of the stem of dicots (Clitoria, Daemia and Aristolochia) and root of the monocots (Gloriosa) and the narrowest vessel elements were found in different parts of the species investigated. The present work is supported with line drawings of prepared stained sections, provides a framework of the vessels. This study will be very useful to a wideseries of community, who work with plants.

Crocinoboletus, a new genus of Boletaceae (Boletales) with unusual boletocrocin polyene pigments 

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nian-Kai Zeng ◽  
Gang Wu ◽  
Yan-Chun Li ◽  
Zhi-Qun Liang ◽  
Zhu-Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Orange Color

Crocinoboletus is described as a new genus of Boletaceae to accommodate Boletus rufoaureus and B. laetissimus, characterized by its brilliant orange color of basidiomata caused by the presence of unusual boletocrocin polyene pigments, bluish olivaceous staining of all parts when bruised, smooth basidiospores, and the pileipellis which has an interwoven trichoderm at the middle part of the pileus and a cutis at the margin of the pileus. Prior molecular phylogenetic analyses also confirmed the two taxa are not members of the genus Boletus s.s., but form a well-supported generic lineage within Boletaceae. Consequently a description, color photos of fresh basidiomata, line-drawings of microstructures and a comparison of Crocinoboletus with allied taxa are presented.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

An Evaluation of Holograms as Training and Job Aids

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Frey ◽  
Edwin S. Eichert
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Assembly Time ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Assembly Tasks ◽  
And Storage

This study was concerned with an evaluation of holography in training and for job aids. Experimentation comparing holograms, line drawings, and photographs as methods of presenting visual information is reported. It appears that with the tasks used, holograms generally are as good as or better visual aids than either photographs or line drawings. The use of holograms tends to reduce errors rather than speed assembly time in assembly tasks. They also seem to enhance the discovery of errors when the subject is attempting to locate assembly errors in a construction. The results of this experimentation suggest that serious consideration should be given to the use of holography in the development of job aids and in training. Applications in technical documentation and storage relevant to the use of holograms as job aids are also considered.

The Occurrence of Scalariform Perforation Plates and Helical Vessel Wall Thickenings in Wood of Myrtaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Schmid ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

The occurrence of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings in vessel elements of 144 species (plus 12 varieties and 2 hybrids) in 53 genera of Myrtaceae was extensively explored. Scalariform perforation plates occur in 40 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Luma, Myrceugenia, Myrteola, Ugni, and in the monotypic Myrtastrum rujo-punctatum, Neomyrtus pedunculata, and Tepualia stipularis. Ugni candollei also has foraminate (i.e., sieve-like) perforation plates. Helical wall thickenings occur in 33 species (plus 1 hybrid), in Acmena, Austromyrtus, Myrceugenia, Myrcia, Myrcianthes Psidium, Xanthomyrtus, and in Myrtus communis. Most of these records are new. The speeies with exclusively scalariform perforation plates (in Luma, Myrteola, Neomyrtus, and Ugni) are from cool mesic habitats; those with mixed simple and multiple perforation plates are also largely cool mesic but show a somewhat greater diversity of habitats. Myrtaceae with exclusively simple perforation plates predominate in all habitat types. Helical wall thickenings occur sporadically throughout the distributional range ofthe family. However, tropical species tend to have weaker helical thickenings than the subtropical and temperate species exhibiting them. The possible functional significance of these ecological tendeneies is discussed. It is hypothesised that multiple perforation plates were retained in some cool mesic Myrtaceae because of a lack of strong selective pressure to eliminate them from this type of environment, rather than that they were retained because of adaptive significance in trapping embolisms. The systematic and diagnostic value of multiple perforation plates and helical wall thickenings is also discussed. Scalariform plates are largely confined to related genera in Myrtoideae; Tepualia is the only representative from Leptospermoideae. Helical wall thickenings are only of limited diagnostic and systematic value above the species level.

Scanning electron microscopy of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in xylem vessels of wilt-resistant and susceptible tomato plants

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (22) ◽  
pp. 2360-2366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L. Stromberg ◽  
Malcolm E. Corden
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Susceptible Tomato ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Pathogen Combinations

Vessels in stems of 'Jefferson' (race 1 resistant and race 2 susceptible) and 'Bonny Best' (race 1 and 2 susceptible) tomato cultivars inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 or 2 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Four days after inoculation of Jefferson with conidia of race 1, the inoculum conidia and resultant hyphae generally were collapsed, whereas in the susceptible host–pathogen combinations the inoculum conidia and hyphae appeared normal. Neither the plants of the resistant nor the susceptible host-pathogen combinations had perforation plates or tyloses within vessel elements capable of trapping conidia or effectively blocking hyphal growth. The perforation plates of all vessel elements are reduced to slightly lipped rims and thus provide unrestricted apertures for hyphal growth and conidial movement in the transpiration stream. In the susceptible host–pathogen combinations, mycelial growth often filled the vessels, but no sporulation was noted. Frequent lateral spread of the pathogen occurred between adjacent vessels through the bordered pit-pairs. Infrequent occurrence of tyloses and a lack of occlusions by tyloses in the resistant host–pathogen combination suggest that vascular wilt resistance within the stem is not due primarily to physical containment of the pathogen in the vessels. Collapsed conidia and hyphae in the resistant host–pathogen combination suggests that fungitoxic materials in the vessels suppress the pathogen and contribute to resistance.

Visuo-Spatial Processing in Working Memory

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Logie
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Spatial Processing ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Visual Material ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Visual Matching ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage

This paper reports four experiments designed to develop a simple technique for the study of visuo-spatial processing within the working memory framework (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974). Experiment 1 involved the matching of successively presented random matrix patterns, as a secondary visual suppression task. This was coupled with rote rehearsal or a visual imagery mnemonic for learning lists of concrete words presented auditorily. Although memory performance with matching dropped overall, the visual mnemonic was differentially affected. Experiment 2 removed the matching decision, with visual presentation of unattended patterns. There was no overall effect of the unattended material, but use of the visual mnemonic was significantly affected. Experiment 3 replicated this result with simpler plain coloured squares as the unattended material. In Experiment 4, for one group, the unattended material consisted of line drawings of common objects. For a second group, the lists of words for recall were presented visually, with or without unattended speech. The results suggested that unattended pictures disrupt use of a visual mnemonic, while unattended speech disrupts rote rehearsal. These results suggest that unattended visual material has privileged access to the mechanism(s) involved in short-term visuo-spatial processing and storage. They also suggest that use of a concurrent visual matching task or of unattended visual material may provide tractable techniques for investigating this aspect of cognitive function within the context of working memory.

scholarly journals Trabeculae and Al-accumulation in the wood cells of Melastomataceae species from Brazilian savanna

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Gelatinous Fibers ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Gelatinous Fiber ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
First Time ◽  
Additional Role

Family Melastomataceae is an important component of the Brazilian Cerrado flora, inhabiting different environments from those with well-drained soils to swamp soil sites. Several members of this family are recognized as aluminum (Al)-accumulating. We studied the wood anatomy of six species of Melastomataceae (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, M. fallax DC., M. chamissois Naudin, M. ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Microlepis oleaefolia (DC.) Triana, Rhynchanthera dichotoma DC.), growing in different environments of Cerrado, exploring the occurrence of trabeculae and Al-accumulation sites. We processed the material following the usual techniques in wood anatomy and histochemistry. We used a chrome azurol-S spot-test in fresh material to detect Al-accumulation. The common features were diffuse porosity, vessel elements with simple perforation plates and vestured pits, abundant parenchyma-like fiber bands and septate fibers, axial parenchyma scanty to vasicentric, and heterocellular rays. The presence of trabeculae in vessel elements, septa in parenchyma cells, and aluminum in the G-layer of the gelatinous fiber walls, in the septa of fibers, in cambial initials and derivatives cell walls, and in the vacuole of ray cells are recorded for the first time for Melastomataceae. The results of this study indicate an additional role for gelatinous fibers in Al-accumulation, and offer a new perspective on Al-compartmentalization in the wood cells from Cerrado species.

Histopathology of Verticillium dahliae within mature roots of Russet Burbank potatoes

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3405-3421 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Perry ◽  
Ray. F. Evert
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Dense Substance ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

Roots of Russet Burbank potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) inoculated with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were examined, primarily with the electron microscope. Penetration hyphae entered epidermal cells directly, apparently aided by hydrolytic enzymes. In most instances, penetration took place without eliciting any structural response. Most hyphae failed to penetrate deeper than the epidermal layer, owing primarily to the formation by exodermal cells of lignitubers that ensheathed the penetration hyphae. Apparently lignitubers were sometimes initiated as callose-like appositions opposite encounter sites. All cortical layers were capable of lignituber production. Few hyphae were encountered within cells deeper than the second cortical layer, and intercellular colonization was not extensive. Nonetheless, vascular infection of unwounded roots occurred. Wilt symptoms were first noted 2 days after hyphae were found in vessel elements of the root. Walls and pit membranes of colonized tracheary elements were coated with an electron-dense substance. As the disease progressed, hyphae invaded all tissues in the vascular cylinder and eventually grew back out into the cortex. The soft-walled tissues were destroyed. In wounded roots many severed vessels contained membranous remnants, conidia, and hyphae that tended to be accumulated at the perforation plates.

scholarly journals Humic substances biological activity at the plant-soil interface

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Trevisan ◽  
Ornella Francioso ◽  
Silvia Quaggiotti ◽  
Serenella Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Interface

Wood Anatomy of Capparis Spinosa from an Ecological Perspective

IAWA Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Psaras ◽  
I. Sofroniou
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Capparis Spinosa ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Xylem Conduits

Root and stern wood of the Mediterranean summergreen Capparis spinosa L. was studied. Wood anatomical features favour high hydraulic conductivity, which is necessary for maintaining the high midday stomatal conductance and rates of photosynthesis observed in this plant. Xylem conduits of both stern and root consist of wide and short vessel elements with simple perforation plates. Vessel grouping in the stern secures xylem safety against cavitations. The plant would be highly vulnerable to cavitations due to freezing conditions, although these are rare during the Mediterranean winter. Thus, the anatomical features of the plant, which does not seem to suffer from water stress though growing entirely during the Mediterranean summer drought, are compatible with its adaptive strategy. The significant amount of minerals found in the root vessels, and the abundant starch grains of the wood might be involved in a possible osmotic shifting of water in the xylem.

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