scholarly journals Treatment of mentally disturbed persons in medieval Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Mirjana Stojković-Ivković
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Lives Of Saints ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Government ◽  
Foreign Doctors

The treatment of mental health patients in Serbia in the Middle ages was the same as in other European countries. Medicine of that time was based on science, the use of magic rituals and witchcraft was banned. Doctors from Serbia, Byzantium and the national doctors had been educated in Salerno and Montpellier, the most developed centers of medicine. They took the exam in front of the government Medical testimony. The development of medicine was followed in the Hodoloski code which was considered the oldest record of folk medicine and the Hilandar medical code which represented a collection of medieval scientific European medicine and Serbian medicine culture (XII-XV). The first Serbian hospital was established in Hilandar in 1199. The founder was Saint Sava who wrote the rules about the work of the hospital. Actually, it was the practice for all medical facilities that were opened later. We know about mental diseases and healing in Serbia from Lives of Saints in monasteries Zica (from 1207) and Decani (1327) and from the biography of Medieval ruler (king) Stephen of Decani. The illustrations of healing some patients with mental diseases were shown on frescoes and in the lives of saints. In Medieval Serbia, there were 49 foreign doctors working (15 in XIV, 30 in XV and 4 in XVI century) and until Turkish conquest Serbia took a very important place in Medieval Europe. Objective of this paper is to show where psychiatric patients were treated in Medieval Serbia, the way they were treated, who treated them, where the hospitals were and what kind of treatment wereapplied.

English Noblemen and Their Advisers: Consultation and Collaboration in the Later Middle Ages

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Rawcliffe ◽  
Susan Flower
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Deliberative Process ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Alternative Power ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Council Of State

In the society of late medieval Europe, where power, wealth, and influence were derived from the ownership of land, the delegation of responsibility by the ruling elite became a matter of financial, administrative, and political necessity. Not only was it physically impossible for a great rentier to oversee personally routine points of organization on his estates, but the overwhelming litigiousness of contemporary life also made it essential for any property owner of note to engage the services of men practiced in the law. Furthermore, regular consultation with leading members of his following played a crucial part in determining the success—or even the survival—of the magnate in question. Just as an astute monarch recognized the importance of the deliberative process, making himself accessible to his ablest and most powerful subjects, so too the great lord had to involve his kinsmen and supporters in questions of policy and politics. In the right hands the seignorial council could, therefore, become a formidable weapon, sometimes even providing an alternative power structure to the government itself. A striking instance of this usurpation of authority is to be found in tenth-century Japan, where the administrative council of the dominant Fujiwara clan effectively superseded the central bureaucracy of the Heian state. Indeed, it was from the chambers of this body (known as the Mandokoro) that the real government of the country was carried out. The old framework was carefully preserved, and the great council of state continued to perform a ceremonial function, but, so far as practical control was concerned, the orders of the Fujiwara advisers took the place of imperial decrees.

Visions of Kinship in Medieval Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Hummer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Divine Love ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Late Roman

What meaning did human kinship possess in a world regulated by biblical time, committed to the primacy of spiritual relationships, and bound by the sinews of divine love? In the process of exploring that question, this book offers a searching re-examination of kinship in Europe between late Roman times and the high Middle Ages, the period bridging Europe’s primitive past and its modern present. It critiques the modernist and Western bio-genealogical and functionalist assumptions that have shaped kinship studies since their inception in the nineteenth century, when biblical time collapsed and kinship became a signifier of the essential secularity of history and a method for conceptualizing a deeper prehistory guided by autogenous human impulses. It argues that this understanding of kinship is fundamentally antagonistic to medieval sentiments and is responsible for the frustrations researchers have encountered as they have tried to identify the famously elusive kin groups of medieval Europe. It delineates an alternative ethnographic approach inspired by recent anthropological work that privileges indigenous expressions of kinship and the interpretive potential of native ontologies. The book reveals that kinship in the Middle Ages was not biological, primitive, or a regulator of social mechanisms; nor is it traceable by bio-genealogical connections. In the Middle Ages kinship signified a sociality that flowed from convictions about the divine source of all things and wove together families, institutions, and divinities into an expansive eschatological vision animated by “the most righteous principle of love.”

Merovingian Meditations on Jesus

2020 ◽  
pp. 1070-1105
Author(s):  
Lynda Coon
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Lives Of Saints ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Biblical Texts

The final chapter of this volume explores the conversation on Jesus held between material and textual sources, where monumental works of sculpture extend salvific themes found in the lives of saints and the verses of poets. Merovingian meditations on Jesus are multivocal, reflecting the cross-cultural rhythms of a world open to and receptive of external influences, whether originating in classical or biblical texts or hailing from Mediterranean or Northern lands. In order to prove this hypothesis on the Merovingian body and the embodied savior, three works of sculpture produced during the early Middle Ages serve as sounding boards for Jesus’ earthly ministry as enacted by human players: the crucified savior featured on the seventh-century Moselkern Stele; the eighth-century Hypogée des Dunes’s sculpted relief of the two thieves crucified along with Jesus; and the so-called Niederdollendorf “Christ,” carved most likely in the seventh century. Saintly actors, such as Radegund of Poitiers (d. 587), animate three themes expressed in the sculpted sources respectively: (1) absence, (2) torture, and (3) light. The three subjects—light, torture, and absence—all point to strategies of integrating the realm of humanity within the celestial spheres, and each motif tracks different styles of meditating on Merovingian Jesus.

scholarly journals Our own dark hearts: re-evaluating the medieval dungeon

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Bishop Chris
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Dark Tourism ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
Pass Through

Of all the negative associations commonly made with medieval Europe, the subterranean world of the dungeon is one the darkest, and also one of the strongest. The dungeon serves as a physical locus for the metaphorical darkness of the (imagined) Middle Ages and yet, even though the dungeon should repulse us, we continue to be drawn towards it, both emotionally and physically. The dungeon inhabits our literature and our art as an established constant, an unambiguous resonance, but it also draws us in physically. We flock to see dimly lit chambers in castles and stately homes, or to pass through 'dark tourism' destinations like the London Dungeon. Every year millions of people voluntarily enter dungeons to be educated, shocked, appalled, and amused. This paper focuses on the phenomenon of the medieval dungeon as it exists in the popular imagination.

scholarly journals Analysis of dynamics of the medcine list in the government program «available medicines» for treatment of bronchial asthma

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
I. A. Kostiuk
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Government Program ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Analysis Of Dynamics ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Additional Payment ◽  
The Cost

The problem of accessibility for socially significant goods for the population, among which the most important place occupy medicines in Ukraine, is very acute today. In this regard, the need for specific state interference through regulatory processes becomes relevant. One of the priority directions for increasing the availability of medicines is the Government of Ukraine has recognized reimbursement. The mechanism of full or partial payment of the cost of medicines used to counteract most socially significant diseases. One of these diseases is bronchial asthma (BA), since it affects all age groups of the population, and with ineffective control of the disease, the quality of life of patients is significantly reduced. The aim of the work is to study the range of medicines for the treatment of BA, included in the Government program «Accessible medicines» for the period 2017–2019 years. From April 1, 2017 to July 1, 2019, the Ministry of Health of Ukraine issued five orders, which approved the Register of medicines, the cost of which is subject to reimbursement. In the study analyzed all editions of the Register and found that with each update, the number of trade names (TN) of the medicines increased: for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases – by 56%, diabetes – by 92%, and BA – by 133%. During the 2017–2019 years, the number of international non-proprietary names (INNs) for the treatment of BA also increased: 3 times Beclomethasone, Budesonide 3.5 times, and Salbutamol is almost 2 times. Also, found that 87% of TN are imported and only 13% – domestic. Total of medicines for the treatment of asthma, the value of which is refundable imports 6 countries, the main segment of which is formed by Spain (31%) and Sweden (23%). The analysis of the size and amount of rejection and the amount of the surcharge for packaging allows us to establish that the percentage of medicines without an additional payment is approximately up to 50%. At 75% of the medicines for the treatment of BA, the amount of packing surcharge with each edition of the Register of medicines subject to reimbursement was increased by 2 medicines (Beckhazon-eco 100 mcg/dose and 250 mcg/dose) and 1 medicine (Budesonide-inteli 200 mcg/dose) – decreased 1 medicine (Budesonide-inteli 200 mcg/dose) subject to partial compensation only once. The conducted studies allow us to conclude that there is a need to improve the assortment policy in order to provide the pharmaceutical market with the available and necessary domestic medicines, in accordance with the needs of the population and the standards for the treatment of BA.

scholarly journals INVESTMENT SECURITY IN THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Sytnyk ◽  
Veronika Ishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

In modern conditions of functioning of the market economy, in the era of development of globalization and globalization processes, the prevalence of international relations, the spread of various forms of international capital movement, in particular foreign direct investment, an important place is occupied by investment activities and policies implemented by the state within the framework of the latter. It is difficult to overestimate the importance and role of investment, because world experience shows that the effective development of business entities, and therefore the country's economy as a whole, cannot be imagined without making investments. Therefore, the government of almost any country in the world is focused on creating a favorable investment climate. The article defines the theoretical foundations of investment security of the state: the essence of the concept is outlined, the principles on which investment security is based, its place and role in the state's economic security system are justified. Qualitative and quantitative criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the state's investment security are presented. The calculation and analysis of the main indicators – quantitative criteria of investment security: gross accumulation of fixed capital; the degree of accumulation of fixed capital; the ratio of the cost of newly introduced fixed assets to the volume of capital investments is carried out; the ratio of net growth of foreign direct investment to GDP; the size of the Ukrainian economy as a percentage of global GDP. The dynamics of the total volume of foreign direct investment in the Ukrainian economy in the context of world countries is analyzed. The main investor countries that ensure the receipt of the largest volumes of investment flows to the Ukrainian economy are identified. Ukraine's place in the World Bank's “Doing Business” rating over the past ten years has been demonstrated. The positive dynamics regarding Ukraine's place in the World Bank's “Doing Business” rating and the main factors that influenced such positive changes were noted. The investment climate of the state is assessed and possible measures are proposed to improve the mechanism of managing the state's investment security.

scholarly journals Revisiting Friedrich Engels’s Dialectics of Nature in an Age of Digital Idealism

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-96
Author(s):  
Christopher Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Government

The idealism that Fredrich Engels seeks to defeat in Dialectics of Nature today pervades online discourse and pedagogies of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The deterministic view that STEM is dedicated to unleashing the inherent power in objects for the service of privileged societies fails to understand the basic principles that Engels proposed. Engels exposes his contemporaries’ flawed understanding of science and technology and provides interdisciplinary examples that exemplify a different way of thinking. Outside of China, Engels’s ideas have been used suggest that social considerations cannot be a part of science because they limit the free exchange of ideas. Within China, particularly after the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949, these ideas have been the basis of new thinking about the relationships among developers, the government, and the people. Moreover, readers of Dialectics of Nature who are familiar with the basic tenets of Science and Technology Studies (STS), such as social constructivism and actor-network theory, will not be so impressed with the idea that social theory has no place in understanding science and engineering. This analysis suggests avenues of cooperation for international science studies. In addition, it provides a starting point for pedagogies to promote the development for science and technology that reduces inequality and supports the notion that the liberal arts have an important place in the study of science and engineering, an insight known as STEAM.

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