Research into Practice: Spatial Abilities

1990 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
George M. A. Stanic ◽  
Douglas T. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Front View ◽  
The Right

Look at figure 1 (Del Grande 1987). Which quadrilateral is different from the others? In figure 2 (BenChaim, Lappan, and Houang 1988), you are first given the back view of a building. Which of the pictures to the right of it represents the front view? These are two examples of tasks that involve spatial perception.

A Robust Algorithm PART in Face Tracking

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 4967-4970
Author(s):  
Qiu Fen Yang ◽  
Zhen Jun Li ◽  
Can Jun Li ◽  
Can Zhu ◽  
Xian Lin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Isosceles Triangle ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Face Tracking ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Front View ◽  
Robust Algorithm ◽  
Rectangular Area ◽  
The Right

In order for the effective recognition of face in the videos of complex environments, this paper presents an algorithm of face tracking of robust. Basing on the rigid constraints, this algorithm generates the potential rectangular area of face tracking,generates the isosceles triangle for the front–view images, generates the right angled triangle for the side images, and reaches the effective rate as 98.18% of face recognition in different sizes, lightings, poses,expressions and even under different noises.

Spatial Perception and Mental Rotation Produce Gender Differences in Cerebral Hemovelocity

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Walter ◽  
A. E. Roberts ◽  
S. Brownlow
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Transcranial Doppler ◽  
Doppler Sonography ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Transcranial Doppler Sonography ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Complex Scene ◽  
Geometric Patterns

Abstract We sought to determine if gender differences in cerebral blood flow velocity emerge while persons performed cognitive tasks known to favor men, e.g., tests of spatial abilities. Bilateral measures were obtained simultaneously from the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by transcranial Doppler sonography while men and women college students performed 31-s thinking tasks. Tests of spatial ability included (1) three spatial visualizing tasks (finding words among sets of letters, locating pictures hidden within a complex scene, and finding embedded geometric patterns), and (2) a mental rotation task. Two nonspatial visualizing control tasks were looking at (1) a list of words and (2) a set of pictures. Women had significantly faster global VMCAs than men during all tasks except looking at pictures. Two tasks (looking at pictures, mental rotation) produced hemispheric asymmetry (right > left) in women only. Gender differences in the number of correct responses occurred for finding words (women > men) and mental rotation (paradoxically, men > women) but not the other tests of spatial abilities. Our study shows that transcranial Doppler sonography provides noninvasive, real-time physiological indices of gender differences in spatial abilities.

Micro Robot Control by Use of Electroencephalograms from Right Frontal Area

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
◽  
Hisashi Toyoshima ◽  
Toshimasa Yamazaki ◽  
Shin-ichi Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
Equivalent Current ◽  
Micro Robot ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

In order to develop a brain machine interface, the authors have investigated the brain activity during human recognition of characters and symbols representing directional meaning. They have recorded electroencephalograms (EEGs) from subjects viewing four types of Kanji (Chinese characters being used currently in the Japanese language) and arrows that were presented on a CRT. Each of the four characters or symbols denoted direction for upward, downward, leftward and rightward, respectively. Subjects were asked to read the characters or symbols, silently. EEGs were averaged for each stimulus type and direction, and event related potentials (ERPs) were obtained. The equivalent current dipole source localization (ECDL) method has been applied to these ERPs. In both cases, equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) were localized to areas related to the working memory for spatial perception, such as the right upper or the right middle frontal areas. Taking into account these facts, the authors have investigated a single trial EEGs of the subject precisely after the latency at 400 ms, and it was determined effective sampling latencies for the discriminant analysis to four types of arrow: ↑, ↓, ←, and →. EEG data have been sampled at latency from 400 ms to 900 ms at 25 ms interval by the three channels in the right upper and the right middle frontal gyri. Results of the discriminant analysis for four type objective variates, presented discriminant rates were above 80%. By four type code of infrared rays according to the discrimination results from a PC, the authors have controlled a micro robot, the e-puck, with four orders: forward, rotate clockwise, rotate counterclockwise and stop.

Prefrontal Cortex Neurons Reflecting Reports of a Visual Illusion

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1395-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail A. Lebedev ◽  
Diana K. Douglass ◽  
Sohie Lee Moody ◽  
Steven P. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Directional Selectivity ◽  
Frame Shift ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Location

When a small, focally attended visual stimulus and a larger background frame shift location at the same time, the frame's new location can affect spatial perception. For horizontal displacements on the order of 1–2°, when the frame moves more than the attended stimulus, human subjects may perceive that the attended stimulus has shifted to the right or left when it has not done so. However, that misapprehension does not disable accurate eye movements to the same stimulus. We trained a rhesus monkey to report the direction that an attended stimulus had shifted by making an eye movement to one of the two report targets. Then, using conditions that induce displacement illusions in human subjects, we tested the hypothesis that neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PF) would reflect the displacement directions reported by the monkey, even when they conflicted with the actual displacement, if any, of the attended stimulus. We also predicted that these cells would have directional selectivity for movements used to make those reports, but not for similar eye movements made to fixate the attended stimulus. A population of PF neurons showed the predicted properties, which could not be accounted for on the basis of either eye-movement or frame-shift parameters. This activity, termed report-related, began approximately 150 ms before the onset of the reporting saccade. Another population of PF neurons showed greater directional selectivity for saccadic eye movements made to fixate the attended stimulus than for similar saccades made to report its displacement. In view of the evidence that PF functions to integrate inputs and actions occurring at different times and places, the present findings support the idea that such integration involves movements to acquire response targets, directly, as well as actions guided by less direct response rules, such as perceptual reports.

scholarly journals A DESCRIPTION OF VISUAL LITERACY AMONG THIRD YEAR BIOCHEMISTRY STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-495
Author(s):  
Lindelani Mnguni
Keyword(s):  
Content Knowledge ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Visual Literacy ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Aptitude Test ◽  
Visual Models ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The University

The use of visual models in teaching, learning and research has increased. Consequently, students have to develop various new competencies including visual literacy in order to learn efficiently. However, visual literacy among biochemistry students is not well documented. Using quantitative research methodology, the current research was aimed at determining visual literacy among biochemistry students. The participants were 74 purposefully selected third year undergraduate biochemistry students from the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The data were collected using a Senior Aptitude test and BioVisual Literacy test. The results show that students performed well in the sub-sections of the Senior Aptitude test including patterns test and spatial perception 2D test. They had difficulties with non-verbal reasoning with figures and spatial visualization 3D tests, as well as with the BioVisual Literacy tests. The results suggest that students generally have poor visual literacy, which could affect their ability to comprehend content knowledge in biochemistry. Keywords: biochemistry, biovisual literacy, senior aptitude, visual literacy, visuo-spatial abilities.

scholarly journals Profil Kemampuan Spasial dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Materi Balok dan Kubus Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Siswa Kelas VIII SMPN 1 Genteng

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Silvia Vera Lestari ◽  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Titik Sugiarti ◽  
Silaturohman Silaturohman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Class Viii

Mathematics is one part of the science in education that we learn. In studying mathematics, especially geometry, spatial abilities play an important role in it. The purpose of this study was to describe the spatial ability profile of class VIII SMPN 1 Genteng  in solving cuboid and cube theory problems for male and female students. Indicators of spatial ability are developed based on elements of spatial ability, namely spatial perception, mental rotation, and spatial visualization. The results of this study are male students with high spatial ability can master all elements of spatial ability, male students with moderate spatial ability are able to fulfill several elements of spatial ability. Female students with high spatial ability can fulfill all elements of spatial ability, female students with moderate spatial ability are able to fulfill several elements of spatial ability, female students with low spatial ability have difficulty fulfilling elements of spatial ability.

scholarly journals The Right Hand Draws the Trees, But the Left Draws the Forest?

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Kleinman ◽  
Amitabh Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Spatial Processing ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visuospatial Information

Spatial processing is lateralized: the right hemisphere is optimized for perceiving global aspects of space (“seeing the forest”), while the left hemisphere specializes in perceiving local aspects of space (“seeing the trees”). However, less is known about how the information is shared across the hemispheres and which areas within the corpus callosum are required for transferring and integrating visuospatial information. Here, we report a 60 year old woman with a mass lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum who demonstrated visuospatial processing deficits that were out-of-proportion to the rest of her neurological examination. Remarkably, in the Rey-Osterrieth Complex figure task, she copied with her left hand the outlines of the figure (global aspects), whereas with her right hand she drew the details of that figure (local aspects). While hemispheric lesions have demonstrated single dissociations of spatial processing, these results indicate that a lesion in the corpus callosum can produce a double dissociation for high-level spatial tasks, as local and global spatial perception are further dissociated with handedness. Interestingly, as little as the posterior third of the corpus callosum is required for proper visuospatial information transfer and integration, which provides important insight into the interhemispheric functional anatomy that underlies visuospatial perception.

scholarly journals Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Right Temporoparietal Junction Suppresses Its Functional Connectivity and Reduces Contralateral Spatial and Temporal Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Dalong ◽  
Li Jiyuan ◽  
Zhou Yubin ◽  
Qin Yufei ◽  
Yang Jinghua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Right Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Self Motion

The temporoparietal junction plays key roles in vestibular function, motor-sensory ability, and attitude stability. Conventional approaches to studying the temporoparietal junction have drawbacks, and previous studies have focused on self-motion rather than on vestibular spatial perception. Using transcranial direct current stimulation, we explored the temporoparietal junction’s effects on vestibular-guided orientation for self-motion and vestibular spatial perception. Twenty participants underwent position, motion, and time tasks, as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. In the position task, cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation yielded a significantly lower response in the −6, −7, −8, −9, −10, −11, and −12 stimulus conditions for leftward rotations (P < 0.05). In the time task, the temporal bias for real transcranial direct current stimulation significantly differed from that for sham stimulation (P < 0.01). Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation suppressed functional connectivity between the temporoparietal junction, right insular cortex, and right supplementary motor area. Moreover, the change in connectivity between the right temporoparietal junction seed and the right insular cortex was positively correlated with temporal bias under stimulation. The above mentioned results show that cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces immediate and extended vestibular effects, which could suppress the functional connectivity of the temporoparietal junction and in turn reduce contralateral spatial and temporal perception. The consistent variation in temporal and spatial bias suggested that the temporoparietal junction may be the cortical temporal integrator for the internal model. Moreover, transcranial direct current stimulation could modulate the integration process and may thus have potential clinical applications in vestibular disorders caused by temporoparietal junction dysfunction.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor signals underlying space perception: an investigation based on self-touch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cataldo ◽  
Lucile Dupin ◽  
Hiroaki Gomi ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Left Forearm ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tight Correlation ◽  
Motor Signals

Perception of space has puzzled scientists since antiquity and is among the foundational questions of scientific psychology. Classical “local sign” theories assert that perception of spatial extent ultimately derives from efferent signals specifying the intensity of motor commands. Everyday cases of self-touch, such as stroking the left forearm with the right index fingertip, provide an important platform for studying spatial perception, because of the tight correlation between motor and tactile extents. Nevertheless, if the motor and sensory information in self-touch were artificially decoupled, these classical theories would clearly predict that motor signals– especially if self-generated rather than passive – should influence spatial perceptualjudgements, but not vice versa. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the contribution of tactile, kinaesthetic, and motor information to judgements of spatial extent. In a self-touch paradigm involving two coupled robots in a master-slave configuration, voluntary movements of the right-hand produced simultaneous tactile stroking on the left forearm. Crucially, the coupling between robots was manipulated so that tactile stimulation could be shorter, equal, or longer in extent than the movement that caused it. Participants judged either the extent of the movementor the extent of the tactile stroke. By controlling sensorimotor gains in this way, we quantified how motor signals influence tactile spatial perception and vice versa. Perception of tactile extent was strongly biased by the amplitude of the movement performed. Importantly, touch also affected the perceived extent of movement. Finally, the effect of movement on touch was significantly stronger when movements were actively-generated compared to when the participant’s right hand was passively moved by the experimenter. Overall, these results suggest that motor signals indeed dominate the construction of spatial percepts, at least when the normal tight correlation between motor and sensory signals is broken. Importantly, however, thisdominance is not total, as classical theory might suggest.

scholarly journals Kesalahan Konsep Descriptive Geometry Mahasiswa terhadap Kemampuan Spasial dalam Pembelajaran Daring di Masa Pandemi COVID-19

Jurnal Elemen ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-194
Author(s):  
Aris Hadiyan Wijaksana ◽  
◽  
Rizky Rosjanuardi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Internet Networks

Spatial ability is one of the essential abilities to be mastered by students, especially in geometry. There is not much research, especially in Indonesian, that examines students' spatial abilities and their relation to Descriptive Geometry. This study aims to analyze students' misconceptions in the Descriptive Geometry course and describe the profile of students' spatial abilities in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's subjects from the Mathematics Education Department of Universitas Negeri Jakarta. This research is descriptive qualitative. The learning was carried out in 16 meetings with three initial meetings offline, and the next 13 meetings online. The test was given twice at the 8th and 16th meetings accompanied by interviews with students who made mistakes in taking the test. The test results showed that students who made mistakes did not have the ability to spatial perception, spatial relation, and spatial orientation. However, there was a case of students who made mistakes still having the ability to spatial perception, spatial relation, and spatial orientation. The obstacles that affect students' spatial abilities are online learning that is not supported by technical matters, namely: limited internet networks and internet quota availability.

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