A Basketball Simulation

1991 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
E. T. Noone
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Basic Program ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw

Basketball, a popular game that practically everyone has played, presents an excellent mean of teaching elementary probability concepts and percents using a computer simulation. In particular, a free-throw shooting contest can be simulated quite easily with a BASIC program. Program 1 replicates the free-throw accuracy of the great stars of college and professional basketball. Program 2 allows the student actually to compete with such stars as Earvin (Magic) Johnson, Michael Jordan, and Isaiah Thomas.

Missed Shots at the Free-Throw Line

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattie Toma
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Choking Under Pressure ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Male College ◽  
The Impact

Choking under pressure represents a phenomenon in which individuals faced with a high-pressure situation do not perform as well as would be expected were they performing under normal conditions. In this article, I identify determinants that predict a basketball player’s susceptibility to choking under pressure. Identification of these determinants adds to our understanding of players’ psychology at pivotal points in the game. My analysis draws on play-by-play data from ESPN.com that feature over 2 million free-throw attempts in women’s and men’s college and professional basketball games from the 2002-2013 seasons. Using regression analysis, I explore the impact of both gender and level of professionalism on performance in high-pressure situations. I find that in the final 30 seconds of a tight game, Women’s National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association players are 5.81 and 3.11 percentage points, respectively, less likely to make a free throw, while female and male college players are 2.25 and 2.09 percentage points, respectively, less likely to make a free throw, though statistical significance cannot be established among National Collegiate Athletic Association women. The discrepancy in choking between college and professional players is pronounced when comparing male college players who do and do not make it to the professional level; the free-throw performance of those destined to go pro falls 6 percentage points more in high-pressure situations. Finally, I find that women and men do not differ significantly in their propensity to choke.

scholarly journals Shaq is Not Alone: Free-Throws in the Final Moments of a Basketball Game

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel-Ángel Gómez ◽  
Simcha Avugos ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Oñoro ◽  
Alberto Lorenzo ◽  
Michael Bar-Eli
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Crisis Theory ◽  
Basketball Game ◽  
Stage Game

Abstract It has been previously observed that basketball free-throw (FT) shooting efficiency decreases towards the end of the game. The aim of the current study was to explore possible determinants for this distinctive pattern during close games (point differential of equal or under 2 points during the final minute of the game). A sample of shots attempted by 92 players in the Spanish professional basketball league (ACB) was collected. Several personal (age, experience, playing position and career FT percentage) and contextual (team ability, competition stage, game location, seconds remaining and score differential) variables were considered for the analysis of the data. The effects of the predictor variables on the players’ performance were analyzed according to two game contexts (FT attempted during the final minute or the last pair of FTs) using binomial logistic regression analysis. The results showed that during the final minute the only statistically significant variable was being in the center playing position (OR = 1.58), which decreased the FT shooting percentage compared to forwards and guards. In addition, the results during the last pair of FTs showed that the playing position of guards (OR = 1.70) and centers (OR = 2.22) was significant (a decrease in their FT percentage). Conversely, the score differential when tied (OR = -1.17) or losing (OR = -2.43) was significant, reflecting a lower probability of missing the shot. The results were interpreted and discussed from the viewpoints of crisis theory and the literature on choking in athletic performance.

No Fans, No Problem: An Investigation of Audience Effects on Shooting Performance in Professional Basketball

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Logan T. Markwell ◽  
Andrew J. Strick ◽  
Jared M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
National Basketball Association ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Audience Effects ◽  
Unique Method

Sports, along with nearly all facets of life, have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The National Basketball Association quickly adopted a unique method to finish the 2019–2020 regular season and playoffs. The entire league quarantined for months in what was known as the “NBA bubble” where games were played in spectator-less arenas. During this time, increases in shooting accuracy were reported, suggesting that free throws and field goals were made at record-breaking levels. This study examined differences in free throw shooting accuracy with and without spectators. Archival data were retrieved and analyzed to evaluate the potential differences. Free throw shooting accuracy with and without spectators were examined in multiple analyses. Our examination revealed free throw percentages were significantly greater in spectator-less arenas compared with the 2018 and 2019 seasons with spectators. Changes of the environmental characteristics, due to spectator-less arenas, were likely contributors to the improved free throw phenomenon reported in this study.

scholarly journals A Closer Look at How Self-Talk Influences Skilled Basketball Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrouz Abdoli ◽  
James Hardy ◽  
Javad F. Riyahi ◽  
Alireza Farsi
Keyword(s):  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Professional Basketball ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Post Test

Empirical literature addressing the effectiveness of self-talk for expert performers is lacking. We addressed this shortcoming within the existent literature and examined the comparative effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on basketball free throw shooting accuracy and salient movement kinematics. We recruited 20 professional basketball players to participate in a 2 × 2 pre/post-test experiment. Free throw accuracy and movement patterns were recorded, with the latter subsequently used to calculate elbow–wrist coordination variability. Results indicated superior shooting accuracy and reduced movement coordination variability for instructional self-talk compared to baseline conditions, whereas no differences emerged for motivational self-talk. Findings from the study help practitioners to better guide skilled performers how best to use self-talk; an area in urgent need of further research.

Characterization of Modulated Structure Through Structure Images and their Computer Simulation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Kiyomichi Nakai ◽  
Yusuke Isobe ◽  
Chiken Kinoshita ◽  
Kazutoshi Shinohara
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
Modulated Structure ◽  
Resolution Electron

Induced spinodal decomposition under electron irradiation in a Ni-Au alloy has been investigated with respect to its basic mechanism and confirmed to be caused by the relaxation of coherent strain associated with modulated structure. Modulation of white-dots on structure images of modulated structure due to high-resolution electron microscopy is reduced with irradiation. In this paper the atom arrangement of the modulated structure is confirmed with computer simulation on the structure images, and the relaxation of the coherent strain is concluded to be due to the reduction of phase-modulation.Structure images of three-dimensional modulated structure along <100> were taken with the JEM-4000EX high-resolution electron microscope at the HVEM Laboratory, Kyushu University. The transmitted beam and four 200 reflections with their satellites from the modulated structure in an fee Ni-30.0at%Au alloy under illumination of 400keV electrons were used for the structure images under a condition of the spherical aberration constant of the objective lens, Cs = 1mm, the divergence of the beam, α = 3 × 10-4 rad, underfocus, Δf ≃ -50nm and specimen thickness, t ≃ 15nm. The CIHRTEM code was used for the simulation of the structure image.

Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-729
Author(s):  
Roslyn Gleadow ◽  
Jim Hanan ◽  
Alan Dorin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Food Security ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

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