Low-Grade Fuel Engines in the United States

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
S. K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Engine Room ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Factors

All major low-speed and many medium-speed engines now have the capability of operating and maneuvering on low-grade fuel oil (Bunker C). Low-grade fuel engines have recently been appearing in U.S.-flag ships. The economic reasons which influence owners to order these engines are surveyed here. The increased price of diesel oil and the improved efficiency of low-grade fuel engines have been major factors for their implementation. Improved equipment design for reliability and maintainability has decreased downtime due to repairs. Many ships operate auxiliary engines on low-grade fuel. Maritime schools have followed this trend by adding or expanding diesel courses to provide hands-on training and advanced techniques such as engine room simulators to teach problem handling. The low-grade fuel engine, with its superior fuel efficiency, is expected to become the dominant propulsion mode in U.S. merchant ships, as it already is in the rest of the world.

XXIII.—The Development of Brief Narrative in Modern French Literature: A Statement of the Problem

PMLA ◽  
1917 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-597
Author(s):  
Horatio E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Henry James ◽  
French Literature ◽  
English Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The World ◽  
Bret Harte

Brief narrative, at first thought, connotes the abridged fiction of low grade with which American magazines are now saturated; but as soon as the term is used to cover the whole field in modern literature, it calls to mind a genre which, under various names, has risen to a position of dignity in many places in the world and has worthily engaged the attention of literary historians, particularly in America and in Germany.The chief features in the development of the form in the United States and England have been discussed at length, and there is now a definitive record, with abundant bibliographical apparatus, of its evolution. Poe is looked upon as the pioneer, and his perpetually quoted definition (1842) has set a standard for the majority of the practitioners of the art in the English language. The form suggests, for America, such experts as Hawthorne, Bret Harte, and Henry James; in England it does not gain the attention of writers of the first magnitude until near the end of the century, in the persons of Stevenson and Kipling.

Delayed-Action Accelerators

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. S. Naunton ◽  
W. Baird ◽  
H. M. Bunbury
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Improvement ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The World ◽  
Simple Step ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances

Abstract There is little doubt that the discovery of organic accelerators of vulcanization was made more or lees simultaneously in two parts of the world and as the result of two entirely different investigations, neither of which had as its target the discovery of accelerators. In the United States it is recorded by Oenslager, who was awarded the Perkin Medal in 1932 for this work, that he was looking for a compounding ingredient which would impart to rubber goods made from the cheaper grades of rubber the superior wearing qualities then obtained only from fine Para. To his astonishment these organic substances not only improved low-grade rubbers, but brought about a considerable improvement in the goods made from the best grades of rubber, and further made possible a considerable reduction in the time of cure. In Germany chemists were searching for the active principle which rendered rubber comparatively stable to oxidation. Synthetic rubber and natural rubber from which the nitrogenous substances had been extracted were unstable. From these facts it was a simple step to try organic bases as stabilizers of both synthetic and raw rubber, and it was then found that they not only protected the rubber against oxidation, but also accelerated the vulcanization of the rubber to which they had been added.

China and the World

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-368
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Development Spending ◽  
The Impact

This chapter speculates about the major factors in, and challenges to, China in its relations with the world between 2020 and 2030. It first considers several dimensions of China’s likely growth over the next two decades: GDP, energy consumption, research and development spending, and military expenditure. It then examines seven separate challenges—the impact of domestic politics, relations with the United States, governance, and soft power—and posits the likely trajectories in each category. China’s future relations with its neighbors and the United States will be particularly difficult for Beijing to manage.

Experience with Heavy Fuel

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 185-196
Author(s):  
Shigeo Mori
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Oil Crisis

Beginning in the fall of 1973, the oil crisis created a drastic worldwide change in thinking about oil resources. At the June 1979 OPEC meeting in Geneva, the price of oil was raised substantially, to some 20 U.S. dollars per barrel, and further forecasted to zoom up to more than 30 U.S. dollars in 1980. According to our study of a 10 000-dwt cargo vessel, the fuel oil cost—even in 1976—already constituted approximately 50 to 60 percent of the overall operating cost (excluding capital costs). In order to combat this undesirable development, the marine diesel engine is strongly needed to materialize energy savings from every possible angle, and various measures for this purpose have been vigorously advanced. One approach is the use of heavy fuel instead of the more expensive diesel oil, and this paper introduces one company's experiences with this energy-saving method, especially in the following items:Heavy fuel limitations— engine types suitable to burn up to 1500 sec and UE engines up to 3500 sec;engine room fuel system and accessories needed for up to 1500 sec and those for up to 3500 sec;problems still being encountered with heavy fuel;maintenance intervals and wear factors compared with running on diesel fuel; andoperation cost savings. Finally, an example is given of a slow-speed diesel versus a medium-speed twin engine installation for a pusher tug of less than 300 G/T (tug/barge system).

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

The Unquiet Frontier

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub J. Grygiel ◽  
A. Wess Mitchell ◽  
Jakub J. Grygiel ◽  
A. Wess Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Global Order ◽  
American Power ◽  
Alliance Networks ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Critical Regions

From the Baltic to the South China Sea, newly assertive authoritarian states sense an opportunity to resurrect old empires or build new ones at America's expense. Hoping that U.S. decline is real, nations such as Russia, Iran, and China are testing Washington's resolve by targeting vulnerable allies at the frontiers of American power. This book explains why the United States needs a new grand strategy that uses strong frontier alliance networks to raise the costs of military aggression in the new century. The book describes the aggressive methods which rival nations are using to test American power in strategically critical regions throughout the world. It shows how rising and revisionist powers are putting pressure on our frontier allies—countries like Poland, Israel, and Taiwan—to gauge our leaders' commitment to upholding the American-led global order. To cope with these dangerous dynamics, nervous U.S. allies are diversifying their national-security “menu cards” by beefing up their militaries or even aligning with their aggressors. The book reveals how numerous would-be great powers use an arsenal of asymmetric techniques to probe and sift American strength across several regions simultaneously, and how rivals and allies alike are learning from America's management of increasingly interlinked global crises to hone effective strategies of their own. The book demonstrates why the United States must strengthen the international order that has provided greater benefits to the world than any in history.

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