scholarly journals Motivating Citizens to Participate in Public Policymaking: Identification, Trust and Cost-Benefit Analyses

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Antonini ◽  
Michael A. Hogg ◽  
Lucia Mannetti ◽  
Barbara Barbieri ◽  
Joseph A. Wagoner
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Pathway Model ◽  
State Identification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dual Pathway ◽  
Motivation To Participate

Under what conditions do citizens of nations and states comply with governmental requests to participate in public policymaking? Drawing on the dual pathway model of collective action (Stürmer & Simon, 2004) but with a focus on compliance with the status quo, rather than participation in collective protest, two studies examined citizens’ motivation to participate in public policymaking. Study 1 (N = 169) was an MTurk hosted survey that recruited participants from California, while Study 2 (N = 198) was a field experiment that recruited participants in Sardinia, Italy. Study 1 measured cost-benefit analyses, societal identification, and willingness to participate in public policymaking. Study 2 repeated the same procedures, with the exception that we manipulated costs of participation, and also measured participants’ trust in government. Study 1 confirmed our initial hypotheses – fewer costs predicted more willingness to participate, as did stronger state identification. However, Study 2 found an interactive effect of costs, identification, and trust on willingness to participate in public policymaking. Results confirm our hypotheses by showing that both costs and identification independently influence willingness to participate in public policymaking. Results also add to the literature by showing that these additive pathways can be influenced by trust in the source of governance.

Grand Strategy and Technological Futures

2021 ◽  
pp. 705-720
Author(s):  
Robert G. Cantelmo ◽  
Sarah E. Kreps
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Change ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Returns On Investment ◽  
Benefit And Risk

How do we understand the consequences of technical innovation for grand strategy? We argue that technology has an indirect, but significant impact on how states formulate and implement strategic priorities. This process of updating is dynamic and iterative as grand-strategic change is incremental rather than a wholesale abandonment of the status quo. New capabilities may produce shifts to state cost, benefit, and risk considerations and produce a corresponding adjustment to grand strategy. Technological innovation may also serve as an intermediate end unto itself. State confidence in positive returns on investment in research and development will produce a corresponding emphasis on innovation as a matter of national policy. We evaluate these claims by applying them to three new and emerging technical innovations: precision-guided munitions, robotic autonomy, and computing.

Deterrence and Foreign Policy

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. George ◽  
Richard Smoke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The Status ◽  
Positive Inducements ◽  
Deductive Theory ◽  
Different Levels

Achen and Snidal's deductive theory of deterrence contributes very little to an understanding of the uses and limitations of deterrence strategy as an instrument of foreign policy. Lacking operationalization, their “rational deterrence theory” is incapable of predicting the outcome of individual cases. Furthermore, it has not yet addressed the need (i) to reconceptualize the problem of deterrence for different levels of conflict; (2) to refine the assumption of “rationality”; (3) to deal with the phenomenon of equifinality; (4) to develop a framework of strategic interaction between Initiator and Defender acknowledging that an Initiator often has multiple options for challenging the status quo from which to choose an action that meets his cost-benefit criteria; (5) to find a way of taking into account decision-making variables that, as case studies have demonstrated, often affect deterrence outcomes; and (6) to broaden the conceptualization of deterrence strategy to encompass the possible use of positive inducements as a means of discouraging challenges to a status quo situation.

Resilience in social and economic systems: a concept that fails the cost–benefit test?

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICK HANLEY
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Ecological Concept ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost

One of the first lessons that students of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) learn is to ask whether projects or policies which they are studying generate additional benefits or costs, relative to the status quo. They are also told to be very careful in defining the project/policy which is the subject of their analysis. In my view, the ecological concept of resilience fails the CBA test, when applied to the study of economic and social systems, because it offers no additional insights to those we have already, and appears to be poorly defined.

scholarly journals Heads or Tails: The Impact of a Coin Toss on Major Life Decisions and Subsequent Happiness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Coin Toss ◽  
Randomized Field Experiment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Life Decisions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Little is known about whether people make good choices when facing important decisions. This article reports on a large-scale randomized field experiment in which research subjects having difficulty making a decision flipped a coin to help determine their choice. For important decisions (e.g. quitting a job or ending a relationship), individuals who are told by the coin toss to make a change are more likely to make a change, more satisfied with their decisions, and happier six months later than those whose coin toss instructed maintaining the status quo. This finding suggests that people may be excessively cautious when facing life-changing choices.

Persuasion and Economic Efficiency: The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Banning Abortion

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Pareto Improvement ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

How do economists persuade their readers that one policy is superior to another? A glance at the literature on welfare economics quickly provides the answer to this question: Economists enter policy debates armed with mathematical models, evaluating options on the basis of their consequences. Economists typically classify a policy change as a welfare (or “potential Pareto”) improvement with respect to the status quo if the gain realized by the winners exceeds the harm sustained by the losers. The best policy becomes the one that generates the highest net benefit.

scholarly journals Finnish teachers as civic educators: From vision to action

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Aleksi Fornaciari ◽  
Matti Rautiainen
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
Level Of Understanding

In this article, we examine Finnish class teachers as citizenship educators. Over the last ten years, the autonomous position of the Finnish teacher has become a symbol of the world-famous education system, and this study aims to illustrate how this freedom comes true in the framework of teacher as a citizenship educator. A prior study shows that teachers mostly share the same universal values, emphasizing altruism rather than individualism. Socially, teachers are more focused on maintaining the status quo and continuity of society than changing it radically. This article aims to answer the question how teachers define their role between society and individual learners and how they prioritize their social educational objectives. We collected our empirical data from teachers and conceptualized it using the framework of three kinds of citizens by Joel Westheimer and Joseph Kahne. This study demonstrates that the level of understanding and interest towards social and societal issues does not easily develop into preparedness or willingness to participate or act. This is a concern worth noticing in teacher education and studies regarding teacher profession in general.

scholarly journals Test and Treat in Washington, DC: Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of a Comprehensive Strategy to Fight HIV/AIDS

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Estelle R. Raimondo
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper assesses the economic implications of an innovative approach to preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS in Washington, DC. “Test & Treat” is premised on the idea that the epidemic can ultimately be eliminated by testing people widely and regularly and by putting all infected persons on antiretroviral medicines upon diagnosis. The relative costs and benefits of Test & Treat are quantified, monetized, and compared to the status quo, which can be characterized as a ‘test and wait’ approach. This cost-benefit analysis concludes that under a plausible set of circumstances, and with a conservative estimate of the number of infections averted, the benefits of Test & Treat in Washington, DC would outweigh the costs of implementation.

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