scholarly journals Overcoming Ignorance: The Case for a Moral Imperative to Combat Global Poverty

Elements ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wendel

The response of affluent individuals and countries to the extremes of global poverty in today's world is in dire need of reconsideration. While political philosophies such as John Rawls and Thomas Nagel argue that obligations of justice should not extend beyond national boundaries, other such as Thomas Pogge and Peter Singer emphasize that increased global interdependence has made national boundaries irrelevant for matters of morality and justice. Instead, affluent individuals must undertake a new moral mindset when considering the issue of global poverty, and a new, moderate, moral cosmopolitan theory for justice should be established in order to change the state of poverty in our world radically.

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARL KNIGHT

AbstractA large proportion of humankind today lives in avoidable poverty. This article examines whether affluent individuals and governments have moral duties to change this situation. It is maintained that an alternative to the familiar accounts of transdomestic distributive justice and personal ethics put forward by writers such as Peter Singer, John Rawls, and Thomas Pogge is required, since each of these accounts fails to reflect the full range of relevant considerations. A better account would give some weight to overall utility, the condition of the worst off, and individual responsibility. This approach provides robust support to global poverty alleviation.


2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Brown

The modern literature on responding to global poverty is over fifty years old and has attracted the attention of some of the most prominent analytical political theorists of the age, including Brian Barry, Charles Beitz, Simon Caney, Thomas Pogge, John Rawls, and Peter Singer. Yet in spite of this extraordinary concentration of brainpower, the problem of global poverty has quite clearly not been solved or, indeed, adequately defined. We are therefore entitled to ask two questions of any new contribution to this literature: first, what does it have to offer that past work does not; and second, what reason is there to think that, this time, it will truly make a difference. These questions will be posed below, but before undertaking this task it may be useful to offer an overview of the field, with particular attention to why the problem of global poverty seems so intractable.


2019 ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Dan Moller

This chapter argues that private property constrains what the state may do. Figures like John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, and G. A. Cohen have advanced views according to which ownership is not a consideration that significantly hems in the content of just institutions. But this chapter shows that private property has independent weight that must be acknowledged in organizing a just society. A social contract that ignores the independent moral importance of private property is not one that should command our respect. This raises the question of whether it is ever permissible to take someone’s property by force, without which we would arguably be left with anarchy. The answer sketched relies on an anti-free-rider principle that permits us to compel people to contribute to projects we cannot reasonably forgo, which people benefit from and could opt out of, and which they may otherwise free-ride on.


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (37) ◽  
pp. 59-73
Author(s):  
Gabriel Cepaluni ◽  
Feliciano de Sá Guimarães
Keyword(s):  

Neste artigo, argumentamos que alguns "discípulos" de John Rawls, refletindo sobre princípios de justiça internacional, apresentam uma posição mais consistente com o espírito da obra Uma teoria da Justiça do que seu próprio autor. Autores como Charles Beitz e Thomas Pogge defendem mecanismos de justiça distributiva internacional mais condizentes com o cosmopolitismo do "princípio da diferença" da obra Uma teoria da Justiça do que qualquer outro esforço que Rawls faz nesse sentido em sua obra posterior, mais voltada para as questões internacionais: O Direito dos Povos. Mais especificamente, sustentamos que Pogge e Beitz desenvolveram argumentos (a relativização do princípio da soberania absoluta dos Estados e a transferência internacional de recursos naturais) mais sólidos para transportar o "princípio da diferença" para o cenário internacional do que a proposta rawlsiana de "dever de assistência", encontrada em O Direito dos Povos. Assim, demonstramos que os discípulos são mais fiéis ao espírito cosmopolita para o plano internacional do que Rawls por conta de três razões: a crença desses autores em uma comunidade global de concidadãos dentro de uma estrutura institucional internacional; a idéia segundo a qual a produção global de recursos coletivos deve ser redistribuída a partir de um princípio distributivo denso; e, por fim, uma redistribuição que somente pode ser justa se exigir reformas morais das instituições internacionais (Fundo Monetário Internacional, Organização Mundial do Comércio, Banco Mundial, princípio da soberania etc.) no sentido de melhorar as condições de vida dos indivíduos mais pobres de todos os povos do sistema. Este artigo pretende, portanto, discutir o legado mais progressista de autores que, ao inspirarem-se em Rawls, desenvolveram argumentos mais condizentes com o espírito cosmopolita para o plano internacional.


Perspectiva ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-140
Author(s):  
Ida Mara Freire

Na tentativa de distinguir o pensar e o conhecer, o artigo apresenta um exercício de pensamento como possibilidade de atividade acadêmica na formação de professores. O texto se pauta no exame crítico de algumas noções e conceitos que gravitam em torno da igualdade de direito à educação, a saber, estigma, diferença, direitos humanos, igualdade, e igualdade de oportunidades e ação a% rmativa em diálogo com alguns % lósofos contemporâneos, a saber, Hannah Arendt, Jacques Derrida, John Rawls e Peter Singer. Trilha-se um caminho que parte do juízo perceptivo e chega-se ao juízo ético, que atribui a igual consideração de interesses.


Author(s):  
Christopher W. Morris

It is often said that the subject matter of political philosophy is the nature and justification of the state. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel thinks that political science is “nothing other than an attempt to comprehend and portray the state as an inherently rational entity.” John Rawls famously understands “the primary subject of justice [to be] the basic structure of society,” restricting his attentions to a society “conceived for the time being as a closed system isolated from other societies,” and assuming that “the boundaries of these schemes are given by the notion of a self-contained national community.” Contemporary political philosophers often follow suit, disagreeing about what states should do, and simply assuming that they are the proper agents of justice or reform. The history of philosophy and the development of political concepts seem to be central to understanding the state. The influence of Roman law and republican government, and the rediscovery of Aristotle in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, are obvious important influences. The modern state emerged first in Western Europe in early modern times.


Author(s):  
Simon Caney

In recent years a powerful case has been made in defence of a system of global governance in which supra-state institutions are accountable directly to the citizens of the world. This political vision- calling for what is commonly termed a ‘cosmopolitan democracy‘- has been defended with considerable imagination by thinkers such as Daniele Archibugi, Richard Falk, David Held, and Tony McGrew. At the same time, a number of powerful arguments have been developed in favour of cosmopolitan principles of distributive justice. Philosophers such as Brian Barry, Charles Beitz, Onora O'Neill, Thomas Pogge, Henry Shue, and Peter Singer have developed formidable arguments against wholly local theories of distributive justice and have argued for cosmopolitan conceptions of distributive justice.


2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Cristi Campbell Coursen,

There is overwhelming evidence that social inequalities affect health outcomes. Health deprivation as a consequence of poverty is a moral concern. Inequitable access to healthcare may be considered a subject of social justice inquiry. Concepts within John Rawls’ (2001) theory of justice as fairness are used as a philosophical template to identify inequalities in healthcare delivery within the complexity of the Medicaid system. From a caring perspective, Medicaid can be fair if the individuals responsible for its policies and their implementation believe that health equity is a moral imperative and they act with intent to provide health equity


Philosophy ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 53 (206) ◽  
pp. 529-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Benson

Non-human animals are as a matter of routine used as means to human ends. They are killed for food, employed for labour or sport, and experimented on in the pursuit of human health, knowledge, comfort and beauty. Lip-service is paid to the obligation to cause no unnecessary suffering, but human necessity is interpreted so generously that this is a negligible constraint. The dominant traditions of Western thought, religious and secular, have provided legitimation of the low or non-existent moral status of beasts. The rival tradition, which includes the Neo-Platonists, Plutarch and Montaigne, is eccentric and archaic. But the teleologies and hierarchies of orthodoxy are equally incredible now and owe their greater respectability and influence to the inertia of custom. Disregard for beasts is supported partly by the vestigial and unowned belief that they are intended for our use, partly by a more recent piece of lore which is not only thought to be compatible with, but is sometimes held to be integral to, an enlightened scientific outlook, namely that beasts are mere complex stimulus—response mechanisms. The latter is a vexatious obstacle to progress but despite that the state of scientific and philosophical knowledge is now enormously more propitious for a re-appraisal of the moral status of beasts. Two moral philosophers, Peter Singer and Stephen Clark, have recently published books in which such a re-appraisal is attempted. Here I try to compare and assess some of the main features of their very different approaches.


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