scholarly journals Fuentes primarias para el estudio de las rentas de propios y arbitrios de los municipios indianos.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Caño Ortigosa
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Royal Authority ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The Given ◽  
Sobre Todo ◽  
Original Information

La administración política, judicial y económica en la América española se vertebró, en última instancia, a partir de los ayuntamientos y sus gobiernos municipales. Representantes de la autoridad del Rey, eran el eslabón más cercano y directo al vasallo de la jerarquía absolutista. Asimismo, los Cabildos eran la primera representación de la población a la que gobernaban, impartían justicia, cobraban impuestos y daban servicios públicos. En ambos sentidos, en sus gestiones encauzadas verticalmente hacia las instituciones superiores, y hacia abajo en la aplicación de las medidas que aquellas les imponían, su capacidad de acción venía condicionada, sobre todo, por los recursos económicos a su disposición. Aparte, las políticas adoptadas de forma autónoma en los municipios también dependían de la economía local, de la autoridad reconocida y de las mercedes recibidas. Todo ello repercutió en las formas de actuar de cada municipio, en sus intereses y, consecuentemente, en las tipologías documentales que aparecen con más frecuencia en cada uno de ellos. La ordenación de esos tipos documentales, el análisis de su aparición y frecuencia, de las mercedes concedidas y las comunicaciones mantenidas nos aportan relevante y novedosa información que, en estudios comparativos, deben ofrecen nuevas respuestas e interrogantes sobre la temática. Interrogantes a los que hay que encontrar nuevos métodos históricos para darles solución.  Economical, judicial and political administration in Spanish America was supported, ultimately, by councils and their local governments. On the one hand, as legal representatives of the royal authority, they were the most close and direct link with the vassals of the absolutist hierarchy. On the other hand Cabildos were the first representatives of the population they ruled, they administer justice, collect taxes and give public services. In both ways, managing up for their superior authorities and managing down applying the current legacy, the ability of councils to act was limited, mainly by the lack of economical resources. Moreover, politics autonomously adopted by local governments depended on several factors as the local economy, their recognized  authority  and  the favours received.  All these things affected the ways in which the councils acted and to their interests, and consequently to the types of documents they generated which are the ones we can  more frequently find  nowadays. The order of those documents, the analysis of their appearances and frequencies, just as the study of the given favours and the communications maintained, provide us lots of relevant and original information that will offer, through comparative studies, new answers and questions on the subject.  Questions that will need new historical methods to be solved.

Exiliados de la Revolucióón mexicana: El caso de los villistas (1915––1921)

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Lerner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Sobre Todo

As a result of the Mexican Revolution, many politicians from various factions were forced into exile between 1906 and 1940, particularly between 1910 and 1920. The subject has merited little attention until the present despite the fact that its study can provide another perspective on the Mexican Revolution, the one of the opponents who were defeated. This study focuses on the exile of the villistas that began in the autumn of 1915 and ended at the beginning of the 1920s. The article considers who were the villista exiles, how they escaped from Mexico, how they adapted economically in the United States, and when they returned to their country. It also examines certain political tendencies and their later activities between 1920 and 1940. Four political activities in the United States intended to change the political situation in Mexico are considered. Finally, the article examines how U.S. authorities, closely involved with their Mexican counterparts, treated the exiles. LaRevolucióón mexicanacausóó elexilio de muchos polííticos de distintas facciones entre 1906 y 1940, sobre todo entre 1910 y 1920. Este tema ha merecido muy pocaatencióón hasta elmomento presente,a pesarde que atravéés de éélpodemos aproximarnos desde otra perpectiva a la Revolucióón mexicana, desde el punto de vista de los opositores que muchas veces fueron los vencidos. Este estudio se centra en el exilio de los villistas que empezóó en el otoñño de 1915 y terminóó a principios de la déécada de 1920. En este artíículo se analiza quiéénes fueron los exiliados villistas, cóómo escaparon de Mééxico, su acomodo econóómico y laboral en Estados Unidos y el retorno a su patria, dejando ver ciertas tendencias polííticas de su actuacióónpolíítica ulterior entre 1920y 1940.Se desmenuzan cuatro actividades polííticas que emprendieron en Estados Unidos para cambiar la situacióón mexicana. Finalmente se abarca la forma en que fueron tratados durante su exilio en los Estados Unidos, por las autoridades de este paíís que estaban estrechamente vinculadas con las mexicanas.

scholarly journals The Market Orientation of Local Governments as a Function of Entrepreneurship: a Theoretical Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zdon-Korzeniowska
Keyword(s):  
Market Orientation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Nowadays, in conditions of globalisation, and simultaneously with tendencies to decentralise management at the level of states and regions, individual territorial units (cities, municipalities, regions) are forced to adopt a more proactive, market-oriented approach to development. This process requires constant analysis of the environment and response to emerging changes; consideration of the offers of the competition and customer’s expectations. The purpose of this article is to show a market approach to managing the development of territorial units as a function of entrepreneurship. In particular, to show the relationship between the market orientation of local governments and entrepreneurship. This is understood, on the one hand, as a process of identifying and using opportunities and on the other, as a process of creating new enterprises, where special attention is paid to the emerging idea of territorial units as entrepreneurs. The latter concept appears increasingly frequently in the literature and colloquial language. Market orientation is an expression of the entrepreneurship of local government. Its impact on entrepreneurship on a given territorial unit is a new and important research area that requires exploration. The paper is based on the theoretical discussion using selected literature on the subject.

scholarly journals The vector subject in the factual ontology of Q. Meillassoux

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Igor A. Devaykin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Exercises ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
Kantian Philosophy ◽  
The Way

The concepts of contingency, factuality, and correlationism introduced by Meillassoux are clarified in the article. The question of the contingency of the forms of correlation is revealed in the context of the functioning of post-Kantian philosophy. The contingency of the correlationist theories of a subject is established. The article substantiates the thesis about the dual position of the subject in the factual ontology: Meillassoux reaches the antisubjectivist contingency through a radical overcoming of the various paradigms of the subject, then, the philosopher recovers the position of a strong subject from the non-human contingency. Basically, the article deals with the ontological status, characteristics and factual ethics of the vector subject. It reveals the way in which Meillassoux thinks of the subject in the context of the radical unreasonableness: this is the simultaneous holding, on the one hand, the order of the actual given and, on the other, the contingency of the given and the subject. The factual character of the subject-object dichotomy restored by Meillassoux is clarified. It’s established that non-Hegelian dialectics is the main manner of navigating the subject in the contingent universe. The key property of the subject, its “vectorness”, is determined. The main characteristics of the actual and virtual World are highlighted. Furthermore, it’s investigated how the subject is activated in the direction of the virtual World. It’s noted that the thinking of the vector subject is more focused on temporality than on space. The ontological foundations of the “spiritual exercises” prescribed to the vector subject are analyzed.

Rosja wobec Partnerstwa Wschodniego Unii Europejskiej

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Legucka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Eu

This article is devoted to the evaluation of the Eastern Partnership from the point of view of the implementation of Russia’s foreign policy. Using the research approach of constructivism, it analyses Russia’s attitude towards the EU’s Eastern Partnership project, as well as Russia’s reactions to the implementation of the EaP. Therefore, the subject of the analysis is not so much the relations of the EU and Russia with six states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as Russia’s and the EU’s narratives on its neighbourhood. This will make it possible to examine to what extent the position of one actor (EU) in relation to another (Russia) has been strengthened/weakened and, secondly, how the argumentation has promoted (the given message) in legitimizing the project as a whole, for both internal and external use. These projects were, on the one hand, Russia’s “close abroad” and, on the other, the EU’s “common neighbourhood”.

scholarly journals Computably categorical structures and expansions by constants

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cholak ◽  
Sergey Goncharov ◽  
Bakhadyr Khoussainov ◽  
Richard A. Shore
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Model Theory ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Effective Model ◽  
Constructive Model ◽  
Basic Definition ◽  
Decidable Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given

Effective model theory is the subject that analyzes the typical notions and results of model theory to determine their effective content and counterparts. The subject has been developed both in the former Soviet Union and in the west with various names (recursive model theory, constructive model theory, etc.) and divergent terminology. (We use “effective model theory” as the most general and descriptive designation. Harizanov [6] is an excellent introduction to the subject as is Millar [13].) The basic subjects of model theory include languages, structures, theories, models and various types of maps between these objects. There are many ways to introduce considerations of effectiveness into the area. The two most prominent derive from starting, on the one hand, with the notion of a theory and its models or, on the other, with just structures.If one begins with theories, then a natural version of effectiveness is to consider decidable theories (i.e., ones with a decidable (equivalently, computable or recursive) set of theorems). When one moves to models and wants them to be effective, one might start with the requirement that the model (of any theory) have a decidable theory (i.e., Th (), the set of sentences true in , is decidable). Typically, however, one wants to be able to talk about the elements of the model as well as its theory in the given language. Thus one naturally considers the model as a structure for the language expanded by adding a constant ai, for each element ai of . Of course, one requires that the mapping from the constants to the corresponding elements of be effective (computable). We are thus lead to the following basic definition:A structure or model is decidable if there is a computable enumeration ai of A, the domain of , such that Th(, ai,) is decidable. (Of course, ai, is interpreted as ai, for each i Є ω.)

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS SITUATION IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Kiris
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Negative Factor ◽  
Building Management ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given ◽  
Management Services

The subject of the article is the situation of housing and communal services of Ukraine – an apartment building management services. There legislative base on the given question, its dynamics and prospects of development are analyzed. These are the main problems that have been going on since the beginning of the housing and communal reform. The main characteristics of the entities that can manage apartment buildings in Ukraine are given. Also studied their influence on the development of competition in this market. The number and dynamics of apartment buildings that have chosen certain forms of management are determined. The statistical data which show indicators of management of apartment houses in Ukraine in the context of regions of Ukraine are resulted. In general, the share of apartment buildings in Ukraine, the co-owners of which have not chosen any of the forms of management, is decreasing, but the share of such buildings in the overall structure is too large. The current trends in the industry in the coming years are indicated. Peculiarities of the manager's appointment based on the results of competitive selection are considered. The main indicators of payment discipline for apartment building management services in Ukraine are analyzed. The payment discipline is also a negative factor on the management of apartment buildings in Ukraine. In particular, it is worth noting the increase in 2020 in the amount of indebtedness of the population for all types of utility payments, except for payments for the management of apartment buildings. It should be noted that previously the problem of registration of ownership and maintenance of adjacent territories was significant - many condominiums, having a significant adjacent territory, could not register the ownership of it, because it was owned by local governments. Therefore, the maintenance of these territories and their development, despite the needs of co-owners, were carried out on a final basis. However, a significant problem with the implementation of housing and communal reform in Ukraine is that the vast majority of apartment buildings have not chosen any form of management, so in the face of changes in legislation on a competitive basis, local self-government will appoint managers.

THE EU SUGAR MARKET PROFILE AND ITS MAIN DRIVERS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubos SMUTKA ◽  
Irena BENEŠOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ ◽  
Renata MATYSIK-PEJAS
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Current System ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Eu

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.

“Channeling” the powers of God’s Word

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea E. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
New Materials ◽  
God's Word ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Starting with the controversial esoteric employment of audio recordings by followers of the charismatic Muslim preacher Sharif Haidara in Mali, the article explores the dynamics emerging at the interface of different technologies and techniques employed by those engaging the realm of the Divine. I focus attention on the “border zone” between, on the one hand, techniques for appropriating scriptures based on long-standing religious conventions, and, on the other, audio recording technologies, whose adoption not yet established authoritative and standardized forms of practice, thereby generating insecurities and becoming the subject of heated debate. I argue that “recyclage” aptly describes the dynamics of this “border zone” because it captures the ways conventional techniques of accessing the Divine are reassessed and reemployed, by integrating new materials and rituals. Historically, appropriations of the Qur’an for esoteric purposes have been widespread in Muslim West Africa. These esoteric appropriations are at the basis of the considerable continuities, overlaps and crossovers, between scripture-related esoteric practices on one side, and the treatment by Sharif Haidara’s followers of audio taped sermons as vessels of his spiritual power, on the other.

Quasi-Periodic Control Technique for Minimizing Fuel Consumption During Record Vehicle Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Sulikowski ◽  
Ryszard Maronski
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Aeronautical Engineering ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimal Driving ◽  
The Given ◽  
Engine Power

The problem of the optimal driving technique during the fuel economy competition is reconsidered. The vehicle is regarded as a particle moving on a trace with a variable slope angle. The fuel consumption is minimized as the vehicle covers the given distance in a given time. It is assumed that the run consists of two recurrent phases: acceleration with a full available engine power and coasting down with the engine turned off. The most fuel-efficient technique for shifting gears during acceleration is found. The decision variables are: the vehicle velocities at which the gears should be shifted, on the one hand, and the vehicle velocities when the engine should be turned on and off, on the other hand. For the data of students’ vehicle representing the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering it has been found that such driving strategy is more effective in comparison with a constant speed strategy with the engine partly throttled, as well as a strategy resulting from optimal control theory when the engine is still active.

Nonlinear Trend Analysis of Mill Fan System Vibrations for Predictive Maintenance and Diagnostics

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Mincho B. Hadjiski ◽  
Lyubka A. Doukovska ◽  
Stefan L. Kojnov
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Predictive Maintenance ◽  
Nonlinear Trend ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given

Abstract Present paper considers nonlinear trend analysis for diagnostics and predictive maintenance. The subject is a device from Maritsa East 2 thermal power plant a mill fan. The choice of the given power plant is not occasional. This is the largest thermal power plant on the Balkan Peninsula. Mill fans are main part of the fuel preparation in the coal fired power plants. The possibility to predict eventual damages or wear out without switching off the device is significant for providing faultless and reliable work avoiding the losses caused by planned maintenance. This paper addresses the needs of the Maritsa East 2 Complex aiming to improve the ecological parameters of the electro energy production process.

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