scholarly journals Pensamiento computacional en el aula: el desafío en los sistemas educativos de Latinoamérica

Author(s):  
Enrique Arturo Vázquez Uscanga ◽  
Johanna Bottamedi ◽  
María Luz Brizuela

En la actualidad, diferentes países del mundo han dirigido sus esfuerzos a elevar los estándares de calidad de sus sistemas educativos nacionales. Entre las prioridades aparece como una de la más relevantes las relacionadas con la alfabetización digital, entendida como las competencias que todo ciudadano y ciudadana debe desarrollar para considerarse alfabetizado en el siglo XXI. Dichas competencias refieren a la capacidad de utilizar las fuentes digitales de forma eficaz. Se trata de un tipo especial de mentalidad o pensamiento (Zapata-Ros, 2015). Con ello intentamos explicitar la concepción y el enfoque que sostenemos respecto de este tipo de alfabetización propia de las sociedades contemporáneas, es decir, informatizada o conocidas como sociedades del conocimiento y la información: un tipo de alfabetización que enfatiza aspectos cognitivos del trabajo en entornos digitales en comparación a otras definiciones que la conceptualizan focalizando en las habilidades técnicas involucradas en la utilización de dispositivos digitales. En este sentido, el presente artículo considera que la ausencia previa del desarrollo de tales competencias dificulta practicar otras habilidades propias del pensamiento computacional (en adelante PC) que implican la resolución de problemas mediante la utilización de ordenadores computacionales o en ausencia de estos. De lo anterior la preocupación y el objeto de reflexión de este trabajo se direcciona hacia conocer si los países latinoamericanos seleccionados, a saber, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile y México, han incorporado en el marco de sus políticas públicas de enseñanza las competencias y habilidades propias del PC y cuáles han sido las estrategias implementadas para concretarlo. Por último, el texto cuestiona la concepción acerca del PC que se deduce de las políticas y estrategias implementadas proveyendo una conclusión que destaca los enfoques respecto de cómo se conciben el aprendizaje de las competencias involucradas. Nowadays, different countries of the world have focused their efforts on raising the quality standards of their national educational systems. Among the priorities appears as one of the most relevant those related to digital literacy, understood as the skills that every citizen must develop to be considered literate in the 21st century. These competencies refer to the ability to use digital sources effectively. It is a special type of mentality or thought (Zapata-Ros, 2015). With this we try to explain the conception and the approach that we have regarding this type of literacy typical of contemporary societies, that is, computerized or known as societies of knowledge and information: a type of literacy that emphasizes cognitive aspects of work in digital environments compared to other definitions that conceptualize it focusing on the technical skills involved in the use of digital devices. In this sense, the present monograph considers that the previous absence of the development of such competencies makes it difficult to practice other abilities of computational thinking (PC) that involve the resolution of problems through the use of computer computers or in their absence. From the above, the concern and the object of reflection of this work is directed towards knowing if the selected Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico, have incorporated their own skills and abilities within their public education policies of the PC and what have been the strategies implemented to specify it. Finally, the text questions the conception about the PC that is deduced from the policies and strategies implemented, providing a conclusion that highlights the approaches to how the learning of the competences involved is conceived.

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camelia Tigau ◽  
Bernardo Bolaños Guerra

This paper examines the relationship between skills prices (wage premiums) and inequality in migrant sending countries (mainly from Latin America) and explores the implications for education policies. Most of the evidence is based on the case of Mexico, a Latin American country that is also an Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) member. Despite the belief that Latin American countries tend to pay less for their skilled workers than developed countries, they invest a considerable amount of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in education and sometimes in scholarships abroad. Therefore, our main question is: Are skill prices really so proportionately low in Latin America?  Likewise, what are the impacts of skills prices on migration in Latin America, and Mexico in particular? And, what is the importance of “brain drain” in terms of the relationship between migration and education? We find that despite the enormous inequality in the region, skills prices are not low. Furthermore, high expenditures on education combined with low skills prices do not necessarily result in brain drain. Other factors, such as perceptions of insecurity and corruption, have a stronger effect on the migration of Mexican professionals. Likewise, although high skills prices may lead to economic development, they may also increase social inequality, leading to greater brain drain. Therefore, the expansion of higher education is recommendable even if it reduces salaries and wage premiums in the short term. 


Tripodos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
Isidro Marín-Gutiérrez ◽  
Diana Rivera-Rogel ◽  
Damian Mendoza-Zambrano ◽  
Ligia Inés Zuluaga-Arias

El presente estudio muestra resultados de dos países latinoamericanos: Ecuador y Colombia. El objetivo general es conocer el tratamiento que asumen los jóvenes frente a la tecnología digital y los niveles de competencia mediática. Como objetivos específicos se plantea: definir los indicadores de referencia para medir el grado de competencia mediática en los jóvenes universitarios; evaluar de manera exploratoria los niveles y el grado de competencia mediática en las muestras seleccionadas de los dos países. La metodología utilizada para evaluar el grado de competencia mediática de los jóvenes de Ecuador y Colombia es la práctica de una aproximación exploratoria de corte descriptivo. Entre los hallazgos se evidencia la utilización de navegación a internet para habilidades más técnicas y operativas que valorativas al nivel de la competencia mediática. Se detecta la necesidad de establecer procesos de alfabetización mediática sistémicos y continuos. El análisis de estos datos podría ser considerado como base para el establecimiento de políticas públicas en educación mediática. Esta temática en estos países es incipiente y se agota en líneas generalistas propuestas en documentos públicos, concerniente a los planes de educación e iniciativas particulares que en la actualidad se muestran desarticuladas.   Media Competences of Young University Students from Ecuador and Colombia The present study shows results from two Latin American countries: Ecuador and Colombia. The general objective is to find out how young people get by in the face of digital technology and levels of media competence. The specific objectives are to define the reference indicators to measure the degree of media competence of university students, and to evaluate, in an exploratory way, the levels and the degree of media competence in selected samples from the two countries. The methodology used to evaluate the degree of media competence of young people in Ecuador and Colombia is to carry out an exploratory approach of a descriptive nature. Among the findings it is worth noting the use of Internet browsing for more technical and operational skills than valuations at the level of media competence. The need to establish systematic and continuous media literacy processes is identified. The analysis of these data could be considered a basis for the establishment of public policies in media education. This issue in these countries is emerging and it is exhausted in general lines as proposed in public documents, concerning the education plans and particular initiatives that are currently fragmented.   Palabras clave: competencias mediáticas, estrategia educomunicativa, estudiantes universitarios, contextos múltiples, alfabetización digital Key words: media competences, educommunicative strategy, university students, multiple contexts, digital literacy.


2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Regina Célia Linhares Hostins ◽  
Idorlene Da Silva Hoepers

Abstract: The paper aims to trace the flows of global education policies in Higher Education policies in two Latin American countries - Brazil and Argentina – during the decades of 1990 and 2000, from Stephen Ball’s theoretical and methodological framework. Two major events were used for analysis - the World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990), and the World Education Forum (Dakar 2000), which are references in the transfer movement and transnational mobility of education policies led by international agencies such as the World Bank and The United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), among others. These events and resulting documents inaugurated the discursive and epistemic connectivity of global policy networks and the export/import of reform speeches (Ball, 2014), in an environment conducive to the flow of ideas, people and values. As a result, concepts, set priorities and ratified agendas of transnational actions were disseminated, in which the Latin American countries had significant participation and established consensus on Education Reform. Within Higher Education in countries like Brazil and Argentina, a strong expression of the concepts and recommendations of the documents signed at these events was observed during this period. Thus, this paper highlights the recommendations incorporated in some policies of these countries and the interpretation of movements in the context of national policies, taking into account the historical context and political networks established in each country.


2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Isabel Neira Gómez ◽  
Marta Portela Maseda

In this article, we analyze the basic educational needs of the countries of Latin America, the education policies that are evolving within the region, and the policies that are proposed by the developed countries to meet these needs in the future. Educational aid for development will be the focus of this study. The first section contains an analysis of the basic needs in these countries, complemented by an analysis of the policies proposed by international organizations to resolve those needs. Finally, we discuss the influence that education exerts on economic growth and the role placed by international aid to education in the process of development of Latin American countries.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-251
Author(s):  
María Victoria Novaro Hueyo ◽  
María Trinidad de Apellaniz ◽  
Mariana Borga ◽  
Claudia María Salazar Vera

Revolution 4.0 is causing a substantial transformation on the forms of work. In order to face the new demands of the professional world, avoid massive unemployment and reduce social inequalities, it is necessary for the States to design and implement strategic responses. Digital education is an essential tool to prepare society for the jobs of future. 228 The current working paper presents the digital literacy public policies adopted by the governments of Argentina and Peru during the period between 2016 and 2019 to develop the competences and skills required nowadays in the compulsory education levels. A qualitative methodology based on a bibliographic research and interviews with public officials responsible of these initiatives in both countries as well as experts on digital inclusion was applied. This endeavor is part of a larger research project which aims to present a comparative map of digital education in Latin America. The comparative analysis of the plan “Learning Connected” (Argentina) and “The Education we want for Peru” (Peru), regarding the Latin American region, concluded that there had been fundamental advances in their educational systems, according to demands of the 21st century. However, in comparison with other more developed regions, this one seems to be lagging behind. This report favors the approach between the academic and political spheres; it critically describes the current scenario and points out the way to travel.


2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Krüger

The massification of Latin American educational systems leads to a reconsideration of the concept of educational inclusion/exclusion since, partly, social disadvantages have been transferred inside the school, configuring situations of unequal inclusion. Considering three main dimensions of educational inclusion – access, learning and integration/segregation – this paper focuses on the latter, since it has been the least studied in the region. The aim is to empirically analyze the current situation, the dynamics and the evolution of socioeconomic segregation in the secondary school system during the last decades. To this end, information from the 2000-2015 rounds of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) corresponding to nine Latin American countries is used. Various synthetic indices are estimated to quantify and characterize the problem, comparing the region with others, as well as the Latin American countries with each other. The results suggest that the region presents the lowest levels of social integration at school, in spite of a certain reduction of the segregation levels during the last years. Given the intensity of the problem and its potential impact on inequality of opportunities, the ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the visualization of the issue and to provide information for the design of policies.


1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.


2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Sandro Gomes Pessoa ◽  
Linda Liebenberg ◽  
Dorothy Bottrell ◽  
Silvia Helena Koller

Abstract. Economic changes in the context of globalization have left adolescents from Latin American contexts with few opportunities to make satisfactory transitions into adulthood. Recent studies indicate that there is a protracted period between the end of schooling and entering into formal working activities. While in this “limbo,” illicit activities, such as drug trafficking may emerge as an alternative for young people to ensure their social participation. This article aims to deepen the understanding of Brazilian youth’s involvement in drug trafficking and its intersection with their schooling, work, and aspirations, connecting with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 and 16 as proposed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015 .


2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Muglia Wechsler ◽  
Maria Perez Solis ◽  
Conceicao Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Magno ◽  
Norma Contini ◽  
...  

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