Argentina y Perú: respuesta educativa a la revolución 4.0.”

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-251
Author(s):  
María Victoria Novaro Hueyo ◽  
María Trinidad de Apellaniz ◽  
Mariana Borga ◽  
Claudia María Salazar Vera

Revolution 4.0 is causing a substantial transformation on the forms of work. In order to face the new demands of the professional world, avoid massive unemployment and reduce social inequalities, it is necessary for the States to design and implement strategic responses. Digital education is an essential tool to prepare society for the jobs of future. 228 The current working paper presents the digital literacy public policies adopted by the governments of Argentina and Peru during the period between 2016 and 2019 to develop the competences and skills required nowadays in the compulsory education levels. A qualitative methodology based on a bibliographic research and interviews with public officials responsible of these initiatives in both countries as well as experts on digital inclusion was applied. This endeavor is part of a larger research project which aims to present a comparative map of digital education in Latin America. The comparative analysis of the plan “Learning Connected” (Argentina) and “The Education we want for Peru” (Peru), regarding the Latin American region, concluded that there had been fundamental advances in their educational systems, according to demands of the 21st century. However, in comparison with other more developed regions, this one seems to be lagging behind. This report favors the approach between the academic and political spheres; it critically describes the current scenario and points out the way to travel.

Author(s):  
Enrique Arturo Vázquez Uscanga ◽  
Johanna Bottamedi ◽  
María Luz Brizuela

En la actualidad, diferentes países del mundo han dirigido sus esfuerzos a elevar los estándares de calidad de sus sistemas educativos nacionales. Entre las prioridades aparece como una de la más relevantes las relacionadas con la alfabetización digital, entendida como las competencias que todo ciudadano y ciudadana debe desarrollar para considerarse alfabetizado en el siglo XXI. Dichas competencias refieren a la capacidad de utilizar las fuentes digitales de forma eficaz. Se trata de un tipo especial de mentalidad o pensamiento (Zapata-Ros, 2015). Con ello intentamos explicitar la concepción y el enfoque que sostenemos respecto de este tipo de alfabetización propia de las sociedades contemporáneas, es decir, informatizada o conocidas como sociedades del conocimiento y la información: un tipo de alfabetización que enfatiza aspectos cognitivos del trabajo en entornos digitales en comparación a otras definiciones que la conceptualizan focalizando en las habilidades técnicas involucradas en la utilización de dispositivos digitales. En este sentido, el presente artículo considera que la ausencia previa del desarrollo de tales competencias dificulta practicar otras habilidades propias del pensamiento computacional (en adelante PC) que implican la resolución de problemas mediante la utilización de ordenadores computacionales o en ausencia de estos. De lo anterior la preocupación y el objeto de reflexión de este trabajo se direcciona hacia conocer si los países latinoamericanos seleccionados, a saber, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile y México, han incorporado en el marco de sus políticas públicas de enseñanza las competencias y habilidades propias del PC y cuáles han sido las estrategias implementadas para concretarlo. Por último, el texto cuestiona la concepción acerca del PC que se deduce de las políticas y estrategias implementadas proveyendo una conclusión que destaca los enfoques respecto de cómo se conciben el aprendizaje de las competencias involucradas. Nowadays, different countries of the world have focused their efforts on raising the quality standards of their national educational systems. Among the priorities appears as one of the most relevant those related to digital literacy, understood as the skills that every citizen must develop to be considered literate in the 21st century. These competencies refer to the ability to use digital sources effectively. It is a special type of mentality or thought (Zapata-Ros, 2015). With this we try to explain the conception and the approach that we have regarding this type of literacy typical of contemporary societies, that is, computerized or known as societies of knowledge and information: a type of literacy that emphasizes cognitive aspects of work in digital environments compared to other definitions that conceptualize it focusing on the technical skills involved in the use of digital devices. In this sense, the present monograph considers that the previous absence of the development of such competencies makes it difficult to practice other abilities of computational thinking (PC) that involve the resolution of problems through the use of computer computers or in their absence. From the above, the concern and the object of reflection of this work is directed towards knowing if the selected Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico, have incorporated their own skills and abilities within their public education policies of the PC and what have been the strategies implemented to specify it. Finally, the text questions the conception about the PC that is deduced from the policies and strategies implemented, providing a conclusion that highlights the approaches to how the learning of the competences involved is conceived.


2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Eleonora Ermolieva ◽  

. The article provides a comparative analysis of European and Latin American models of the Welfare State. The author shows that the experience of the European social paradigm has been carefully studied in the Latin American region in the past, and is taken into account nowadays, when all the countries over the planet are faced with the dramatic consequences of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. In addition to a deep economic shock, other problems are attributed to the characteristics of the current cycle (sometimes referred to as “neo-normal”) such as welfare loss and deepening social inequalities. Complicated social environment objectively forces the governments on both sides of the Atlantic to search for medium term strategies for social protection of the most vulnerable strata of society. There is an acute issue of the State's ability to cope with the consequences of the pandemic crisis, to find ways for economic recovery and overcoming social difficulties that have arisen. The hypothesis is put forward that Transatlantic interaction in the field of social policy will help to find more effective measures for solving some social problems in Latin American region.


2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Sandro Gomes Pessoa ◽  
Linda Liebenberg ◽  
Dorothy Bottrell ◽  
Silvia Helena Koller

Abstract. Economic changes in the context of globalization have left adolescents from Latin American contexts with few opportunities to make satisfactory transitions into adulthood. Recent studies indicate that there is a protracted period between the end of schooling and entering into formal working activities. While in this “limbo,” illicit activities, such as drug trafficking may emerge as an alternative for young people to ensure their social participation. This article aims to deepen the understanding of Brazilian youth’s involvement in drug trafficking and its intersection with their schooling, work, and aspirations, connecting with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 and 16 as proposed in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015 .


Author(s):  
Sally-Ann Treharne

Reagan and Thatcher’s Special Relationship offers a unique insight into one of the most controversial political relationships in recent history. An insightful and original study, it provides a new regionally focused approach to the study of Anglo-American relations. The Falklands War, the US invasion of Grenada, the Anglo-Guatemalan dispute over Belize and the US involvement in Nicaragua are vividly reconstructed as Latin American crises that threatened to overwhelm a renewal in US-UK relations in the 1980s. Reagan and Thatcher’s efforts to normalise relations, both during and after the crises, reveal a mutual desire to strengthen Anglo-American ties and to safeguard individual foreign policy objectives whilst cultivating a close personal and political bond that was to last well beyond their terms in office. This ground-breaking reappraisal analyses pivotal moments in their shared history by drawing on the extensive analysis of recently declassified documents while elite interviews reveal candid recollections by key protagonists providing an alternative vantage point from which to assess the contentious ‘Special Relationship’. Sally-Ann Treharne offers a compelling look into the role personal diplomacy played in overcoming obstacles to Anglo-American relations emanating from the turbulent Latin American region in the final years of the Cold War.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Camila S Ferreira ◽  
Catarina M Azeredo ◽  
Ana Elisa M Rinaldi

Abstract Objective: To analyse trends of social inequality in breastfeeding and infant formula (IF) use in Latin America between 1990 and 2010 decades. Design: Time-series cross-sectional study with data from Demographic and Health Surveys. We described the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), breastfeeding between 6 and 12 months (BF6-12) and IF for infants under 6 months (IF < 6) and between 6 and 12 months (IF6-12). Social inequalities were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Trends in the prevalence of breastfeeding, IF and index of social inequality were analysed by a linear regression model with weighted least squares variance. Setting: Bolivia, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti and Peru. Participants: 51·358 alive infants younger than 12 months. Results: Five countries showed an increasing trend for EBF and BF6-12, four increased for IF < 6 and six for IF6-12. Simultaneous decrease in IF < 6 (Colombia: −0·3/year; Haiti: −0·02/year) and increase in EBF (Colombia: +2·0/year; Haiti: +1·9/year) were observed only in two countries. EBF prevalence was high in the lowest income quintiles in five countries, and IF prevalence was high in the highest income quintiles in all countries and over the decades. For BF6-12, a decrease in inequality (prevalence increased in the highest quintile) was observed in Guatemala (SII1995 = −0·42; SII2015 = −0·28) and the Dominican Republic (SII1996 = −0·54; SII2013 = −0·26). Guatemala was the only country showing a decrease in inequality for BF (SII = −0·005; CIX = −0·0035) and an increase for IF (SII = 0·022; CIX = 0·01). Conclusions: The inequality in BF and IF remained over time. However, inequality in IF < 6 has decreased because low-income infants have increased use and high-income infants have decreased.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Hernández-Vasquéz ◽  
Carlos Rojas-Roque ◽  
Denise Marques Sales ◽  
Marilina Santero ◽  
Guido Bendezu-Quispe ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Peru is one of the countries with the lowest percentage of population with access to safe drinking water in the Latin American region. This study aimed to describe and estimate, according to city size, socioeconomic inequalities in access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households from 2008 to 2018. Methods Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data using data from the 2008–2018 ENAHO survey. Access to safe drinking water, determined based on the presence of chlorinated water supplied by the public network, as well as socioeconomic variables were analyzed. A trend analysis from 2008 to 2018, and comparisons between 2008 versus 2018 were performed to understand and describe changes in access to safe drinking water, according to city size. Concentration curves and Erreygers concentration index (ECI) were estimated to measure inequalities in access to safe drinking water. Results In 2008, 47% of Peruvian households had access to safe drinking water, increasing to 52% by 2018 (p for trend < 0.001). For small cities, access to safe drinking water did not show changes between 2018 and 2008 (difference in proportions − 0.2 percentage points, p = 0.741); however, there was an increase in access to safe drinking water in medium (difference in proportions 3.3 percentage points, p < 0.001) and large cities (difference in proportions 12.8 percentage points, p < 0.001). The poorest households showed a decreasing trend in access to safe drinking water, while the wealthiest households showed an increasing trend. In small cities, socioeconomic inequalities showed an increase between 2008 and 2018 (ECI 0.045 and 0.140, p < 0.001), while in larger cities, socioeconomic inequality reduced in the same period (ECI: 0.087 and 0.018, p = 0.036). Conclusions We report a widening gap in the access to safe drinking water between the wealthiest and the poorest households over the study period. Progress in access to safe drinking water has not been equally distributed throughout the Peruvian population. Promoting and supporting effective implementation of policies and strategies to safe drinking water, including equity-oriented infrastructure development and resource allocation for most vulnerable settings, including emerging small cities, is a priority.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Jose Aravena ◽  
Jean Gajardo ◽  
Laura Gitlin

Abstract In a scenario of increasing longevity and social inequalities, Latin-America is an important contributor to the worldwide dementia burden. Caregivers’ health is fundamental to maintain the person with dementia quality of life. However, caregiving is a culturally sensible role that requires tailored solutions. The aim is to synthesize the evidence about non-pharmacologic interventions targeted to caregivers of people with dementia in Latin-American contexts. A comprehensive review of interventions in caregivers and persons with dementia in Latin-American countries was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus with studies published until January 27th, 2020. Randomized clinical trials of non-pharmacologic interventions targeted to caregivers of people with dementia or dyads where included. Qualitative synthesis of the evidence was presented and analyzed. Overall, 9 pilot RCT were included for the final analysis (6 Brazil, 1 Colombia, 1 Mexico, 1 Perú). The biggest study recruited 69 caregivers and the smallest 13 dyads, with follow-up range of 3-6 months. 5 control groups received at least some other non-standard care type of intervention. 8 were targeted exclusively to caregivers (4 group intervention, 3 individual, and 1 combined) and 1 multicomponent intervention. Most frequent measured outcomes were caregiver’s burden, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and quality of life, and person with dementia neuropsychiatric symptoms. Individual interventions report better results in caregiver parameters such as burden and depressive symptoms and person with dementia neuropsychiatric symptoms. Group interventions presented mixed results. Nevertheless, the quality of evidence was low. There is a critical need to study interventions for caregivers in Latin-American contexts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Gonzalo Croci ◽  
Laura Juliana Rodriguez Forero

Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 363
Author(s):  
Claudia Miranda ◽  
Alexis Aceituno ◽  
Mirna Fernández ◽  
Gustavo Mendes ◽  
Yanina Rodríguez ◽  
...  

The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) is a very important tool to replace the traditional in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro dissolution assays during multisource product development. This paper compares the most recent harmonized guideline for biowaivers based on the biopharmaceutics classification system and the BCS regulatory guidelines in Latin America and analyzes the current BCS regulatory requirements and the perspective of the harmonization in the region to develop safe and effective multisource products. Differences and similarities between the official and publicly available BCS guidelines of several Latin American regulatory authorities and the new ICH harmonization guideline were identified and compared. Only Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina have a more comprehensive BCS guideline, which includes solubility, permeability, and dissolution requirements. Although their regulatory documents have many similarities with the ICH guidelines, there are still major differences in their interpretation and application. This situation is an obstacle to the successful development of safe and effective multisource products in the Latin American region, not only to improve their access to patients at a reasonable cost, but also to develop BCS biowaiver studies that fulfill the quality standards of regulators in developed and emerging markets.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa María Dextre ◽  
María Luisa Eschenhagen ◽  
Mirtha Camacho ◽  
Sally Rangecroft ◽  
Laurence Couldrick ◽  
...  

&lt;p&gt;Increasing pressures on ecosystems in the Latin American region as well as the adoption of multilateral conservation commitments have led to the implementation of instruments that are economic in nature but oriented towards the recovery, conservation, and functioning of ecosystems. The increasing adoption of schemes such as payment for ecosystem services (PES) has emerged as multilateral strategies to address water security problems in the mountain regions of Per&amp;#250;. However, their design and implementation can face many barriers when the policy is translated into practice in a local context. Socio-economic processes and hydro-climatic factors are affecting the capacity of the ecosystems of the glaciated Cordillera Blanca (Peruvian Andes) to provide water services, in terms of both, quality and quantity, to the main users of the Santa River basin. This study thus aims to analyze how the hydro-social relations affect, and are affected by, the introduction of water-related PES in the Quillcay sub-basin, one of the most populated sub-basin along the Santa River basin. The water metabolism approach was used to characterize water as a service produced by ecological systems (water as an ecological fund) and co-produced by social systems (water as a social flow). For this purpose, a classification of the different social and ecological uses and meanings of water was used, as well as the role of the different actors involved.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on the combination of primary data, both from an urban citizens survey (Huaraz) and semi-structured interviews with different actors, and from secondary sources, we present evidence that the metabolic pattern of water in the upper Santa basin is impacted not only by the glacial meltwater and rainwater regime but also by political, economic and cultural power relations over water. Thus, the implementation of a PES policy in the upper Santa basin affects and is affected by, ecological and social dimensions of water. In the ecological dimension, glacial retreat makes the design of a water-related PES more complex. In the social dimension, some socio-political processes, such as the lack of experience and the limited technical and financial capacity of public water management institutions to carry out these processes, as well as the lack of political will of regional and local authorities to promote them, are affecting the way these PES schemes are implemented. Along with these institutional bottlenecks, local socio-cultural processes related to a lack of interest in participating and demanding to participate in these decision-making processes could result in the design of a mechanism in which not all stakeholders benefit equally. This raises the need to recognize the multi-dimensional nature of water in the design and implementation of policies, and the importance of identifying processes and barriers which affect the success of these policies.&lt;/p&gt;


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document