scholarly journals The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the scourges of modern times, with many millions of people affected by the disease. Diabetes occurs most frequently in those who are overweight or obese. However, not all overweight and obese persons develop diabetes, and there are those who develop the disease who are lean and physically active. Certain ethnicities, especially indigenous populations, are at considerably higher risk of obesity and diabetes than those of white European ancestry. The patterns and distributions of diabetes have led some to speculate that the disease is caused by interactions between genetic and obesogenic lifestyle factors. Whilst to many this is a plausible explanation, remarkably little reliable evidence exists to support it. In this review, an overview of published literature relating to genetic and lifestyle risk factors for T2D is provided. The review also describes the concepts and rationale that have motivated the view that gene-lifestyle interactions cause diabetes and overviews the empirical evidence published to date to support this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Lifestyle Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in Cubans and Cuban Americans

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Burroughs Peña ◽  
Dhaval Patel ◽  
Delfin Rodríguez Leyva ◽  
Bobby V. Khan ◽  
Laurence Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Risk ◽  
Cuban Americans

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in Cuba. Lifestyle risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in Cubans have not been compared to risk factors in Cuban Americans. Articles spanning the last 20 years were reviewed. The data on Cuban Americans are largely based on the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982–1984, while more recent data on epidemiological trends in Cuba are available. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus remains greater in Cuban Americans than in Cubans. However, dietary preferences, low physical activity, and tobacco use are contributing to the rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and CHD in Cuba, putting Cubans at increased cardiovascular risk. Comprehensive national strategies for cardiovascular prevention that address these modifiable lifestyle risk factors are necessary to address the increasing threat to public health in Cuba.

scholarly journals Joint Effect of Genetic and Lifestyle Risk Factors on Type 2 Diabetes Risk among Chinese Men and Women

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e49464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Villegas ◽  
Ryan Delahanty ◽  
Yu-Tang Gao ◽  
Jirong Long ◽  
Scott M. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Environmental (Lifestyle) Risk Factors for LADA

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

<P>Background: In order to prevent diabetes it is important to identify common, modifiable risk factors in the population. Such knowledge is extensive for type 2 diabetes but limited for autoimmune forms of diabetes. </P><P> Objective: This review aims at summarizing the limited literature on potential environmental (lifestyle) risk factors for LADA. Methods: A PubMed search identified 15 papers estimating the risk of LADA in relation to lifestyle. These were based on data from two population-based studies; one Swedish case-control study and one Norwegian cohort study. Results: Studies published to date indicate that the risk of LADA is associated with factors promoting insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes such as overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, low birth weight, sweetened beverage intake and moderate alcohol consumption (protective). Findings also indicate potential effects on autoimmunity exerted by intake of coffee (harmful) and fatty fish (protective). This supports the concept of LADA as being a hybrid form of diabetes with an etiology including factors associated with both insulin resistance and autoimmunity. Conclusion: LADA may in part be preventable through the same lifestyle modifications as type 2 diabetes including weight loss, physical activity and smoking cessation. However, current knowledge is hampered by the small number of studies and the fact that they exclusively are based on Scandinavian populations. There is a great need for additional studies exploring the role of lifestyle factors in the development of LADA.</P>

ASSESSMENT OF DEMENTIA IN THE TYPE 2 DIABETES BY MOCA

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Dinh Toan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Lifestyle Risk ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Risk

Background: Studies show that diabetes mellitus is the greatest lifestyle risk factor for dementia. Appropriate management and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus could prevent the onset and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. MoCA test is high sensitivity with mild dementia but it have not been used and studied widespread in Vietnam. Aim: 1. Using MoCA and MMSE to diagnose dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. Assessment of the relationship between dementia and the risk factors. Methods: cross-sectional description in 102 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess cognitive function. The diagnosis of dementia was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Results: The average value for MoCA in the group of patients with dementia (15.35 ± 2.69) compared with non-dementia group (20.72 ± 4.53). The sensitivity and specificity of MoCA were 84.8% and 78.3% in identifying individuals with dementia, and MMSE were 78.5% and 82.6%, respectively. Using DSMIV criteria as gold standard we found MoCA and MMSE were more similar for dementia cases (AUC 0.871 and 0.890). The concordance between MoCA and MMSE was moderate (kappa = 0.485). When considering the risk factors, the education,the age, HbA1c, dyslipidemia, Cholesterol total related with dementia in the type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: MoCA scale is a good screening test of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.When compared with the MMSE scale, MoCA scale is more sensitive in detecting dementia. Key words: MoCA, dementia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, risk factors

scholarly journals Lifestyle Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and National Diabetes Care Systems in European Countries

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2806
Author(s):  
Emma Altobelli ◽  
Paolo Matteo Angeletti ◽  
Valerio F. Profeta ◽  
Reimondo Petrocelli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Background. Diabetes is increasing by 3.09% per year in males and 1.92% in females. Lifestyle risk factors are related to diabetes. The aim of this work is to highlight within EU-28 countries the distribution percentages of some lifestyle risk factors and some components of diabetes health care. Methods. A literature search was conducted to highlight the presence of diabetes registries, which are fundamental tools for disease surveillance and health planning; the presence of a national diabetes plan (NDP); the care setting; and methods used for reimbursement of drugs, devices, and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out to evaluate the possible associations between the variables considered. Results. The highest percentages of diabetes (>10%) are registered in Bulgaria, Malta, and Hungary. Concerning the prevalence of overweight, no European country shows overall percentages of less than 50%. Regarding obesity, 57% of countries show prevalence rates of 25%. The record for physical inactivity belongs to Malta, with 45% of individuals being inactive. The percentage of physical inactivity for females is higher than for males across Europe. In total, 57% of the countries have an insurance-based health system, while 12 countries have public national health systems. Further, 57% of countries have an NDP, while 42% of the EU countries have established a prevalence register for diabetes. Conclusions. Prevalence rates for type 2 DM in the range of 8–9% are noted in 50% of EU-28 countries. In total, 21 out of EU countries show a high prevalence rate for overweight, while 7% of EU-28 countries have an obesity prevalence rate of 25%. Diabetes treatment is entrusted to general practitioners in most countries. The results of this work highlight the differences between countries, but also between genders.

scholarly journals Modifiable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Indigenous Populations

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam A. Lucero ◽  
Danielle M. Lambrick ◽  
James A. Faulkner ◽  
Simon Fryer ◽  
Michael A. Tarrant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
American Indians ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Aboriginal Australians ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Objective. To identify modifiable cardio-metabolic and lifestyle risk factors among indigenous populations from Australia (Aboriginal Australians/Torres Strait Islanders), New Zealand (Māori), and the United States (American Indians and Alaska Natives) that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods. National health surveys were identified where available. Electronic databases identified sources for filling missing data. The most relevant data were identified, organized, and synthesized.Results. Compared to their non-indigenous counterparts, indigenous populations exhibit lower life expectancies and a greater prevalence of CVD. All indigenous populations have higher rates of obesity and diabetes, hypertension is greater for Māori and Aboriginal Australians, and high cholesterol is greater only among American Indians/Alaska Natives. In turn, all indigenous groups exhibit higher rates of smoking and dangerous alcohol behaviour as well as consuming less fruits and vegetables. Aboriginal Australians and American Indians/Alaska Natives also exhibit greater rates of sedentary behaviour.Conclusion. Indigenous groups from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States have a lower life expectancy then their respective non-indigenous counterparts. A higher prevalence of CVD is a major driving force behind this discrepancy. A cluster of modifiable cardio-metabolic risk factors precede CVD, which, in turn, is linked to modifiable lifestyle risk factors.

scholarly journals Evidence for Natural Selection and Ethnic Diversity at the Adenylate cyclase 3 Gene Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISSEI YOSHIUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Abstract Background: Diabetes and obesity cause serious complications worldwide, including stroke and cardiovascular disease, and are a global health burden. Diabetes is strongly related with obesity and both are significantly heritable. The prevalence of diabetes and obesity are higher in African populations than in European and Asian populations. In human evolution, natural selection is a key process of genetic survival over generations. Thus, the selection for diabetes- and obesity-related genes is a key mechanism for survival during times of feast and famine. Loss-of-function variations in the adenylate cyclase 3 ( ADCY3 ) gene are associated with obesity and diabetes, while mutations in ADCY3 are also associated with childhood obesity. ADCY3 -deficient mice showed severe obesity, impaired insulin sensitivity, and reduced physical activity. Here, we researched evidence for natural selection at ADCY3 . Methods: We used a three-step genetic method to identify natural selection at ADCY3 using data on four populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and HapMap: Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU), the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) and Japanese in Tokyo (JPT). First we used Wright’s F-statistics (Fst) as a measure of population differentiation to find ethnic diversity at ADCY3 . We then used a long-range haplotype (LRH) test to find significant long haplotypes, and then the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to find natural selection at ADCY3 . Results: We observed high Fst values and significant ethnic diversity at four ADCY3 body mass index (BMI)-associated variations (rs7586879, rs6545814, rs11676272 and rs10182181) between the non-African and African populations. Both LRH and iHS also provided evidence for natural selection at ADCY3 . Conclusions: These observations show evidence for natural selection and ethnic diversity at ADCY3 . Further exploration into the evolution of obesity- and Type 2 diabetes-associated genes is needed.

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