scholarly journals Evidence for Natural Selection and Ethnic Diversity at the Adenylate cyclase 3 Gene Associated with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISSEI YOSHIUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Abstract Background: Diabetes and obesity cause serious complications worldwide, including stroke and cardiovascular disease, and are a global health burden. Diabetes is strongly related with obesity and both are significantly heritable. The prevalence of diabetes and obesity are higher in African populations than in European and Asian populations. In human evolution, natural selection is a key process of genetic survival over generations. Thus, the selection for diabetes- and obesity-related genes is a key mechanism for survival during times of feast and famine. Loss-of-function variations in the adenylate cyclase 3 ( ADCY3 ) gene are associated with obesity and diabetes, while mutations in ADCY3 are also associated with childhood obesity. ADCY3 -deficient mice showed severe obesity, impaired insulin sensitivity, and reduced physical activity. Here, we researched evidence for natural selection at ADCY3 . Methods: We used a three-step genetic method to identify natural selection at ADCY3 using data on four populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and HapMap: Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU), the Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) and Japanese in Tokyo (JPT). First we used Wright’s F-statistics (Fst) as a measure of population differentiation to find ethnic diversity at ADCY3 . We then used a long-range haplotype (LRH) test to find significant long haplotypes, and then the integrated haplotype score (iHS) to find natural selection at ADCY3 . Results: We observed high Fst values and significant ethnic diversity at four ADCY3 body mass index (BMI)-associated variations (rs7586879, rs6545814, rs11676272 and rs10182181) between the non-African and African populations. Both LRH and iHS also provided evidence for natural selection at ADCY3 . Conclusions: These observations show evidence for natural selection and ethnic diversity at ADCY3 . Further exploration into the evolution of obesity- and Type 2 diabetes-associated genes is needed.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes in Children: A Growing Epidemic

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. St. Onge ◽  
Carol A. Motycka ◽  
Renee L. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Children Obesity ◽  
Healthy Eating Habits ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

In the pediatric population, type 2 diabetes has become a growing concern. A correlation appears to exist among type 2 diabetes in children, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. If obesity and diabetes are left untreated, conditions such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy may result as well. These conditions indicate the incredible strain on the health care system caused by diabetes and obesity. This strain may be eased by logical treatments such as exercise and healthy eating habits for the child and family. However, these lifestyle changes are not always effective in controlling blood sugar. When lifestyle changes do not yield positive results, the clinician must decide which (if any) pharmacological treatments are safe to use in the pediatric population. Orlistat and sibutramine have been studied in children as treatments for obesity and appear to be safe and effective for this population. Metformin and insulin are among the medications approved to treat diabetes in children and adolescents. Healthcare practitioners must play a role in educating parents and their children about the effects of obesity on the development of diseases like diabetes, as well as various therapies used to manage diabetes. In addition, healthcare practitioners can assist patients and their parents in understanding the benefits and risks of medications used in the treatment of the disease, assistance that may result in them making informed decisions regarding their overall health.

Higher risk of depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity: Results of a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 135910531987632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thelma Beatriz González-Castro ◽  
Yudy Merady Escobar-Chan ◽  
Ana Fresan ◽  
María Lilia López-Narváez ◽  
Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

The aim of this study was to determine the risk of having significant depressive symptoms in subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus through a meta-analysis. Our results showed that individuals with obesity and diabetes have an increased risk of having significant symptoms of depression. In subgroup analyses, we observed that Caucasian populations have an increased risk of having these symptoms. Our meta-analysis suggests that obesity is associated with an increased risk of having significant depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes, and they could be even higher in Caucasian populations.

scholarly journals The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Lifestyle Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: An Overview

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the scourges of modern times, with many millions of people affected by the disease. Diabetes occurs most frequently in those who are overweight or obese. However, not all overweight and obese persons develop diabetes, and there are those who develop the disease who are lean and physically active. Certain ethnicities, especially indigenous populations, are at considerably higher risk of obesity and diabetes than those of white European ancestry. The patterns and distributions of diabetes have led some to speculate that the disease is caused by interactions between genetic and obesogenic lifestyle factors. Whilst to many this is a plausible explanation, remarkably little reliable evidence exists to support it. In this review, an overview of published literature relating to genetic and lifestyle risk factors for T2D is provided. The review also describes the concepts and rationale that have motivated the view that gene-lifestyle interactions cause diabetes and overviews the empirical evidence published to date to support this hypothesis.

The Role of Physical Exercise in Obesity and Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Guideline ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Regular Physical Exercise

The prevalence of obesity is increasing world-wide. Obesity is associated with a plethora of metabolic and clinical constraints, which result in a higher risk for the development of cardiovascular complications and metabolic disease, particularly insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is an acknowledged determinant of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes and accounts for the majority of premature death due to cardiovascular events. Physical exercise is generally recommended in patients with diabetes in order to prevent the development of or reduce existing obesity, as adopted by every international treatment guideline so far. Regular physical exercise has a beneficial impact on body composition, cardiovascular integrity, insulin sensitivity and quality of life. However, only a minority of patients participates in regular physical exercise, due to individual or ­disease-related barriers. In type 2 diabetes, there is robust evidence for beneficial effects of physical exercise on glycemic control, cardiovascular health and the development of diabetes-related long-term complications. In type 1 diabetes and patients treated with insulin, a higher risk for exercise-­related hypoglycemia has to be considered, which requires certain prerequisites and adequate adaptions of insulin ­dosing. Current treatment guidelines do only incompletely address the development of exercise-related hypoglycemia. However, every patient with diabetes should participate in regular physical exercise in order to support and enable ­sufficient treatment and optimal glycemic control.

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