scholarly journals Evolution of the stochastic and structural type ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 374-380
Author(s):  
A. N. Mikhyeyev ◽  
A. A. Protasov

The article attempts to apply a systematic approach to the consideration of types of existing systems to identify the specific evolution of ecosystems at different levels of organization. The conceptual main consideration of the problem of the specifics of the evolution of biotic systems at different levels of organization was the idea of the alternation of the types of their organization, namely, the statistical (C-system) and deterministic (D-system). For evolutionary transformations of C-systems (for example, populations), the influence of altered environmental factors is of primary importance, and for internal systems, for systems (for example, communities). The idea that the D-systems evolve according to the type of nomogenesis, and the C-system – selectogenesis is substantiated. Within the framework of the proposed isolation of different types of systems, the evolution of the biosphere probably proceeds according to the type of evolution of D-systems. Structural elements of the biosphere are diverse biogeocenoses, each of which represents a C-type system formed by the corresponding communities and elements of the environment. Keywords: evolution, levels of organization, ecosystems, biosphere.

Limnology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Zawal ◽  
Robert Stryjecki ◽  
Edyta Stępień ◽  
Edyta Buczyńska ◽  
Paweł Buczyński ◽  
...  

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
М.В. СУНЦОВА

Статья посвящена характеристике явления коннотативного значения слова в русском языке. Дается определение термина «коннотация», описываются структурные элементы коннотативного значения слова, так как несмотря на большое количество работ по данной теме эти вопросы до сих пор остаются открытыми. Актуальность темы исследования определяется современными тенденциями развития языка. Показано, что коннотативные значения присущи общеупотребительным словам с конкретно-предметным значением, что обусловливает необходимость расширения границ словарных статей в толковых словарях путем дополнения их переносными значениями слов. Отдельное внимание уделяется видовому разнообразию коннотаций у слов с конкретно-предметным значением. Констатируется, что коннотативные значения присущи общеупотребительным словам с конкретно-предметным значением, при этом существуют разные виды коннотаций. В этой связи исследование коннотативных значений слов с конкретно-предметным значением целесообразно осуществлять в разрезе лексико-семантических групп. На примере лексико-семантической группы показано, что такой подход согласуется с принципами системного подхода, результаты исследования обладают достаточной степенью обобщенности и позволяют выявлять определенные закономерности. Дополнительных значений стилистического, эмоционально-оценочного, экспрессивного, социального и профессионального характера. В современную эпоху информационного общества происходит активное развитие живой русской речи. У общеупотребительных слов появляются значения, не закрепленные в толковых словарях, но имеющие значимость для восприятия речи говорящего, как конкретной личностью, так и группами лиц (обществами). В этой связи можно с уверенностью говорить о том, что в живую разговорную речь все активнее проникает явление коннотации, которое ранее было свойственно, преимущественно, художественной литературе и публицистике. The article is devoted to the refinement of the methodological approach to the study of the phenomenon of connotation in the Russian language. There is the definition of the term «connotation», the structural elements of the connotative meaning of the word are since despite the large number of works on this topic, these issues still remain open. It is stated that connotative meanings are inherent in common words with a specific subject meaning, while there are different types of connotations. It is shown that connotative meanings are inherent in common words with a specific subject meaning, which makes it necessary to expand the boundaries of dictionary entries in explanatory dictionaries by supplementing them with figurative meanings of words. Special attention is paid to the species diversity of connotations in words with a specific subject meaning In this regard, it is advisable to study the connotative meanings of words with a specific subject meaning in the context of lexical and semantic groups. On the example of the lexical-semantic group of zoonyms, it is shown that this approach is consistent with the principles of the systematic approach, the results of the study have a sufficient degree of generality and allow us to identify certain patterns.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline Van Geert ◽  
Christophe Bossens ◽  
Johan Wagemans

Do individuals prefer stimuli that are ordered or chaotic, simple or complex, or that strike the right balance of order and complexity? Earlier research mainly focused on the separate influence of order and complexity on aesthetic appreciation. When order and complexity were studied in combination, stimulus manipulations were often not parametrically controlled, only rather specific types of order (i.e., balance or symmetry) were studied, and/or the multidimensionality of order and complexity was ignored. Progress has also been limited by the lack of an easy way to create reproducible and expandible stimulus sets, including both order and complexity manipulations. The Order & Complexity Toolbox for Aesthetics (OCTA), a Python toolbox that is also available as a point-and-click Shiny application, aims to fill this gap. OCTA provides researchers with a free and easy way to create multi-element displays varying qualitatively (i.e., different types) and quantitatively (i.e., different levels) in order and complexity, based on regularity and variety along multiple element features (e.g., shape, size, color, orientation). The standard vector-based output is ideal for experiments on the web and the creation of dynamic interfaces and stimuli. OCTA will not only facilitate reproducible stimulus construction and experimental design in research on order, complexity, and aesthetics. In addition, OCTA can be a very useful tool in any type of research using visual stimuli, or even to create digital art. To illustrate OCTA’s potential, we will propose several possible applications and diverse questions that can be addressed using OCTA.


Author(s):  
L. Vesnina ◽  
G. Lukerina

Results of long-term data (2000–2019) on the fertility of female Artemia from different types of hyperhaline reservoirs in the Altai region in the framework of the monitoring is analyzed in this work. A mandatory condition for determining the generative activity of female Artemia on live material has been established. The limits of individual fertility and average fertility are calculated, and the influence of abiotic factors on its volume is shown. The features of changes in the qualitative content of the egg SAC of female Artemia in reservoirs with different levels of water salinity and the course of its change during the period of vegetation are studied. The average number of litters (broods) for Altai populations was calculated, and the influence of environmental factors on this indicator was analyzed.


Author(s):  
L. V. Vesnina

Long-term data (2002–2019) on the conditions of the formation of Artemia populations in different types of hyperhaline lakes of the Altai Territory are analyzed. The boundaries of individual fecundity and average fecundity were calculated, the influence of abiotic factors on the quality content of ovisak was shown. The peculiarities of their changes at different levels of water salinity during the growing season have been investigated. The average number of litters (clutches) for Altai populations was calculated, the influence of environmental factors on this indicator was analyzed.


2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Baranovski

Nowadays, bioecological characteristics of species are the basis for flora and vegetation studying on the different levels. Bioecological characteristics of species is required in process of flora studying on the different levels such as biotopes or phytocenoses, floras of particular areas (floras of ecologically homogeneous habitats), and floras of certain territories. Ramensky scale is the one of first detailed ecological scales on plant species ordination in relation to various environmental factors; it developed in 1938 (Ramensky, 1971). A little later (1941), Pogrebnyak’s scale of forest stands was proposed. Ellenberg’s system developed in 1950 (Ellenberg, 1979) and Tsyganov’s system (Tsyganov, 1975) are best known as the systems of ecological scales on vascular plant species; these systems represent of habitat detection by ecotopic ecomorphs of plant species (phytoindication). Basically, the system proposed by Alexander Lyutsianovich Belgard was the one of first system of plant species that identiified ectomorphs in relation to environmental factors. As early as 1950, Belgard developed the tabulated system of ecomorphs using the Latin ecomorphs abbreviation; he also used the terminology proposed in the late 19th century by Dekandol (1956) and Warming (1903), as well as terminology of other authors. The article analyzes the features of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs on vascular plants. It has certain significance and advantages over other systems of ecomorphs. The use of abbreviated Latin names of ecomorphs in tabular form enables the use shortened form of ones. In the working scheme of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs relation of species to environmental factors are represented in the abbreviated Latin alphabetic version (Belgard, 1950). Combined into table, the ecomorphic analysis of plant species within association (ecological certification of species), biotope or area site (water area) gives an explicit pattern on ecological structure of flora within surveyed community, biotope or landscape, and on environmental conditions. Development and application by Belgrard the cenomorphs as «species’ adaptation to phytocenosis as a whole» were completely new in the development of systems of ecomorphs and, in this connection, different coenomorphs were distinguished. Like any concept, the system of ecomorphs by Belgard has the possibility and necessity to be developed and added. Long-time researches and analysis of literature sources allow to propose a new coenomorph in the context of Belgard’s system of ecomorphs development: silvomargoant (species of forest margin, from the Latin words margo – edge, boundary (Dvoretsky, 1976), margo – margin, ad margins silvarum – along the deciduous forest margins). As an example of ecomorphic characterization of species according to the system of ecomorphs by Belgard (when the abbreviated Latin ecomorph names are used in tabular form and the proposed cenomorph is used), it was given the part of the table on vascular plants ecomorphs in the National Nature Park «Orelsky» (Baranovsky et al). The Belgard’s system of ecomorphs is particularly convenient and can be successfully applied to data processing in the ecological analysis of the flora on wide areas with significant species richness, and the proposed ecomorph will be another necessary element in the Belgard’s system of ecomorphs. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison B. Smith ◽  
Hyunju Kim ◽  
Sara I. Walker

AbstractBiochemical reactions underlie the functioning of all life. Like many examples of biology or technology, the complex set of interactions among molecules within cells and ecosystems poses a challenge for quantification within simple mathematical objects. A large body of research has indicated many real-world biological and technological systems, including biochemistry, can be described by power-law relationships between the numbers of nodes and edges, often described as “scale-free”. Recently, new statistical analyses have revealed true scale-free networks are rare. We provide a first application of these methods to data sampled from across two distinct levels of biological organization: individuals and ecosystems. We analyze a large ensemble of biochemical networks including networks generated from data of 785 metagenomes and 1082 genomes (sampled from the three domains of life). The results confirm no more than a few biochemical networks are any more than super-weakly scale-free. Additionally, we test the distinguishability of individual and ecosystem-level biochemical networks and show there is no sharp transition in the structure of biochemical networks across these levels of organization moving from individuals to ecosystems. This result holds across different network projections. Our results indicate that while biochemical networks are not scale-free, they nonetheless exhibit common structure across different levels of organization, independent of the projection chosen, suggestive of shared organizing principles across all biochemical networks.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 262-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alona Mykhaylenko ◽  
Ágnes Motika ◽  
Brian Vejrum Waehrens ◽  
Dmitrij Slepniov

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of factors that affect offshoring performance results. To do so, this paper focuses on the access to location-specific advantages, rather than solely on the properties of the offshoring company, its strategy or environment. Assuming that different levels of synergy may exist between particular offshoring strategic decisions (choosing offshore outsourcing or captive offshoring and the type of function) and different offshoring advantages, this work advocates that the actual fact of realization of certain offshoring advantages (getting or not getting access to them) is a more reliable predictor of offshoring success. Design/methodology/approach – A set of hypotheses derived from the extant literature is tested on the data from a quantitative survey of 1,143 Scandinavian firms. Findings – The paper demonstrates that different governance modes and types of offshored function indeed provide different levels of access to different types of location-specific offshoring advantages. This difference may help to explain the ambiguity of offshoring initiatives performance results. Research limitations/implications – Limitations of the work include using only the offshoring strategy elements and only their limited variety as factors potentially influencing access to offshoring advantages. Also, the findings are limited to Scandinavian companies. Originality/value – The paper introduces a new concept of access, which can help to more reliably predict performance outcomes of offshoring initiatives. Recommendations are also provided to practitioners dealing with offshoring initiatives.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-619
Author(s):  
Ellen C. Perrin ◽  
Aline G. Sayer ◽  
John B. Willett

Children's concepts about illness causality and bodily functioning change in a predictable way with advancing age. Differences in the understanding of these concepts in healthy children vs children with a chronic illness have not been clearly delineated. This study included 49 children with a seizure disorder, 47 children with an orthopaedic condition, and 96 healthy children, all with normal intelligence and ranging in age from 5 to 16 years. It demonstrates systematic differences in children's general reasoning skills and in their understanding of concepts about illness causality and bodily functioning, as a function of their age and experience of illness. At all ages, children who had a condition with orthopaedic involvement reported less sophisticated general reasoning and concepts about illness than did healthy children; children with a seizure disorder reported similar general reasoning skills to those of healthy children, but considerably less sophisticated concepts about illness. children's concepts about body functioning did not differ as a function of the presence of a chronic illness. When their different levels of general cognitive reasoning were statistically controlled, children with a chronic illness had somewhat more sophisticated concepts about bodily functioning than did healthy children. Differences in conceptual development among children with different types of illnesses lead to interesting speculations with regard to the effects of particular illness characteristics on children's cognitive development.


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