scholarly journals Introduktion til Danne- Virke. I.

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
William Michelsen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
German Philosophy ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Son Of Man ◽  
The North ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction to Danevirke IBy William MichelsenGrundtvig never wished to give a systematic presentation of his philosophy. He was a historian, and as such he realised that we only know the development of human life up to our own time and that no man has experienced its origin. A systematic presentation of human life would presuppose a knowledge which we do not possess. However, in his periodical Danevirke (1816-19) he does offer a number of “considerations of human life in general”, as he writes in the preface to its final volume, and it is on this foundation that his later thoughts rested.These considerations, which at first he called “papers”, were not republished in full until 1983. The beautifully-photographed reproduction of the entire work, published in the bicentenary year by J.rn Bergmann (AKA-print, .rhus), is thus the most important document for Grundtvig research of all the many publications in 1983.The periodical, which includes both poetry and prose of various content, was written by Grundtvig alone, in the same period which saw the publication of Prospect of World Chronicle Especially in the Age of Luther and the start of his translation of the medieval historians, Saxo and Snorri. Danevirke contains his first contributions to Beowulf research, his evaluation of the poets Baggesen and Oehlenschl.ger, and his dramatic poem, The Easter Lily, on the resurrection of Jesus. It is worth noting that Grundtvig’s criterion for true Christianity in the period 1810-25 is still the same as Luther’s: the holy scripture. His assessment of the relationship between religion, politics and scholarship (“Church, State and School”) changed in 1832 to a demand for “Freedom in Spiritual Things”. This did not, however, alter his view of man as it appears in Danevirke. The present and future articles contribute to an understanding of this.In preparation for these reflections Grundtvig wrote Grenzen der Menschheit, which was published in Grundtvig Studies 1984. An interpretation of this manuscript relates Grundtvig to Schelling’s philosophy. Grundtvig here asks the questions: What is my I? and: Is the true answer idealistic or materialistic? Grundtvig rejects both possibilities. Man cannot apprehend absolute being. In contrast to an idealistic view of man Grundtvig presents the Christian view: man is created from dust, and animated by God’s spirit - not a philosophical view but a religious one, interpreted in the gospel of John. Jesus’s appearance as the Son of Man was a repetition of the creation of man as depicted in Genesis 1 - 2. According to the Bible man is eternal and divine through the power of the living word, which is God’s creative Word. It is therefore untrue of Schelling to assert that man is created by “the idea everlasting”, which to him means, by man’s idea of God. This is a refusal to see man created in God’s image but only God created in man’s image, “an image of what is Nothing”. Without the divine creative Word, man is no more than transient body. Yet Schelling has understood the relationship between the temporal and the eternal. He has presented the riddle of human life, but he has not solved it. It is an illusion to believe that natural philosophy has solved it, and foolish to regard the gospel as a prophecy of natural philosophy. If that were so, then one would have to demand that it had as great an effect as the gospel of Jesus has actually had. But in Grundtvig’s opinion it has had as little effect as the philosophy of the gnostics in antiquity.It was not Grundtvig’s intention, however, to take part in the contemporarydebate on philosophy. By 1816 Schelling’s ideas were no longer dominant in German philosophy, and Hegel’s were not introduced to Danish philosophy until 1825 by J. L. Heiberg. Grundtvig’s aim was rather to formulate his alternative to the idealist German philosophy. That was the purpose of Danevirke. But it also had another purpose.To be Danish without being Norwegian was a new feeling for Grundtvig in 1816. In his programme On Danish Poetry, Language and History he refers to the Danes’ love of their language and their unwillingness to extend their country beyond its ancient borders. He thus deduces the concept of Danishness from the language and the historical sources. He sets out to spread knowledge of these by publishing works from the middle ages with commentaries and by translating Icelandic manuscripts. He protests against a human philosophy that ignores linguistic and national differences in literature and history. But in so doing he does not deny either his Christianity or his love for the rest of the North. On the other hand, he rejects the cosmopolitan human philosophy of the 18th century as derived from the century’s philosophical systems from Christian Wolf to Schelling. Schelling clearly belongs to the philosophers he rejects, and Kant and Fichte must now be counted alongside.

The cosmology of the early medieval emporia?

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Imaginary World ◽  
Central Places ◽  
The Relationship

This characteristically thoughtful essay by Frans Theuws illustrates how far our analysis of central places in the early Middle Ages has advanced. Like his study of Maastricht (2001), it reveals a close reading of the archaeological and historical sources. Indeed, as Michael McCormick's encyclopaedic volume (2001) on the origins of the medieval economy shows with stunning authority, as archaeologists we have taken huge strides since Philip Grierson quipped, ‘It has been said that the spade cannot lie, but it owes this merit in part to the fact that it cannot speak’ (1959, 129). Hence it comes as no surprise that Theuws is exploring the ‘relationship between forms of exchange and the imaginary world from which “value” is derived’ (p. 121).

Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic worlds in the late middle ages

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (97) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Coverage ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Much more so than in modern times, sharp cultural and social differences distinguished the various peoples inhabiting the British Isles in the later middle ages. Not surprisingly these differences and the interaction between medieval forms of culture and society have attracted considerable attention by historians. By comparison with other fields of research, we know much about the impact of the Westminster government on the various regions of the English polity, about the interaction between highland and lowland Scotland and about the similarities and differences between English and Gaelic Ireland. Yet the historical coverage of these questions has been uneven, and what at first glance might appear obvious and promising lines of inquiry have been largely neglected — for example the relationship between Gaelic Ireland and Gaelic Scotland, or between Wales, the north of England and the lordship of Ireland as borderlands of the English polity. No doubt the nature and extent of the surviving evidence is an important factor in explaining this unevenness, but in fact studies of interaction between different cultures seem to reflect not so much their intrinsic importance for our understanding of different late medieval societies as their perceived significance for the future development of movements culminating in the present.

Aristotle

Classics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Natali ◽  
Gaia Bagnati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Main Part ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Basic Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Aristotle (384–322 bce) was a younger disciple and colleague of Plato. They are the two most famous and important ancient philosophers, and Aristotle is the only Platonic disciple whose works have been transmitted to us. The relationship between the two thinkers is complex: they share some basic ideas but the disciple is a strong critic of some aspects of his master’s thought, a fact not unusual in the relationships between master and disciple. He agrees with Plato on a rejection of materialism in favor of the idea that our world is the result of a formal structure that can be formulated in rational and scientific definitions. On the other hand, he thinks that sensible moving entities contain in themselves their forms and because of that they can be the object of scientific knowledge, i.e., a universal and deductible knowledge and not only of a true unstable opinion as Plato maintained. They also are the real substances. From this basic difference many oppositions between Aristotle and his master derive. In the history of philosophy Aristotle suffered a complex destiny, different from Plato’s continuous success. In some periods he was neglected, for instance in the Hellenistic period and from the 18th century until the main part of 19th century. In other periods he achieved great fame, for instance in later Antiquity, in the Middle Ages from the 13th century, and also in our own time. The authors would like to thank warmly Professor Iain MacPherson for revising their far-from-perfect English.

Was hat «Holznot» mit «Hungersnot» zu tun? Reformbemühungen der Ökonomischen Kommission von Zürich im 18. Jahrhundert | The relationship between wood scarcity and food scarcity. Reform movement of the Economical Commission of Zurich in the 18th century

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (8) ◽  
pp. 320-327
Author(s):  
Katja Hürlimann
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Mutual Dependence ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sectors ◽  
The Middle Ages

Shortages of wood and grain threatened pre-modern societies from the Middle-Ages onwards. The many economical societies,which arose in Europe in the second half of the 18th century,tried to combat such shortages by calling for agricultural and silvicultural reforms. The process of such reforms can be nicely illustrated using the example of the Economical Commission of Zurich. Not only does this provide an opportunity to examine the complicity and mutual dependence of the two sectors in question, it also serves to show the discursive character of both wood and food scarcity. The warnings and reform proposals emanating from the Zurich economists were rarely based, it must be said, on any personal experience of shortages.

The Written Evidence for the Later Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Draper
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medieval Archaeology ◽  
The Relationship

The period 1100–1500 saw a boom in writing of all kinds in Britain, from literary works such as romances and treatises to legal and administrative documents including charters, registers, and accounts. This article considers the main types of written evidence available for the study of later medieval Britain, as well as the various means of accessing them in archives, libraries, and online. Some pitfalls of interpreting documents and texts are then explored, before a discussion of how medieval archaeologists can make use of historical sources and vice versa, using examples drawn from recent research. Lastly, there is a consideration of the current state of the relationship between medieval archaeology and history, where interdisciplinary agendas are increasingly being followed.

scholarly journals Notes on the 14th-century Ya'qubiyya Complex in Tlemcen, Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
Péter T. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Region I ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper discusses the Islamic funerary complex in central Tlemcen, Algeria, built in 1362–1363, recorded in historical sources as "the Ya'qubiyya", and today known by the name of Sidi Ibrahim al-Masmudi. During the late middle ages, the north-west corner of Africa was shared between two related Berber dynasties, the Marinids of Fez (Morocco) and the Zayyanids of Tlemcen, who were in constant conflict with one another. The Ya'qubiyya complex was erected by the Zayyanid sultan Abu Hammu Musa II (r. 1359–1389) to commemorate his father and two of his uncles, who were praised in coeval sources as heroes of the war against the Marinids. In this article, I shall describe how the Ya'qubiyya was discovered in the 19th century, study the relevant sources in Arabic, discuss the extant buildings indicating their original parts, and touch upon the complex’s relations with other sites in the region. I shall conclude that, although the Ya'qubiyya commemorated members of the Zayyanid family who had fought successfully against the Marinids, its basic concept was adopted from the earlier shrine of the Marinid dynasty at Shalla (Rabat-Salé, Morocco).

Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Popery

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
19Th Century Literature ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

It is hard to overestimate the extent to which anti-Catholicism structured the Atlantic world. As much as Catholicism itself was a transatlantic force (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Atlantic History article “Catholicism” by Allyson M. Poska), the counter-response to Catholicism had a pervasive influence, especially in the Protestant-dominated North Atlantic (see “Protestantism” by Carla Gardina Pastana). It was, as Chris Beneke and Christopher Grenda have observed, “nimble and ubiquitous” (The First Prejudice, p. 15). The past decade has witnessed significant growth in the scholarship on anti-Catholicism. The most important overall advancement is our growing understanding that anti-Catholicism was more than just a knee-jerk prejudice. It was a complex, varied, and protean phenomenon that warrants close analysis. To a great degree, the growing sophistication of the historiography on anti-Catholicism across the Atlantic basin builds on the work of historians of early modern England and Britain, who have been carefully documenting and analyzing the phenomenon since the 1970s. Because this work is relatively narrow in its geographic scope—often limited to a particular county or region, individual, group, or theme—it is not covered here; but this historiography has been hugely important in providing a foundation for the works that are represented. The bibliography covers scholarship on anti-Catholicism from the 17th through the 20th centuries with a necessary focus on the North Atlantic world. It pays special attention to the British context not only because the literature is most developed for that region but also because it was the British who were most responsible for transferring anti-Catholic ideas, identities, institutions, and policies across the ocean. That said, historical examination of anti-Catholicism in the Dutch world is growing and is thus represented here as well. Overall, the works were selected either for their influence on studies of anti-Catholicism in the Atlantic world in various times and places, or because they adopt a wide geographical lens and deal directly with the Atlantic dimensions of anti-Catholicism. Indeed, one of the trends in the historiography is a shift from early modern and nation-centric studies to transnational investigations that include the 19th and 20th centuries (scholarship on the 18th century, while growing, still lags somewhat behind the early modern and 19th-century literature.) Other trends include efforts to distinguish anti-Catholicism from its closely related corollary, anti-Popery, and to explore the relationship between them; growing calls for interdisciplinary approaches to the study of anti-Catholicism; analysis of cross-fertilization of various forms of anti-Catholicism evident in the Atlantic world; and a commitment to studying how those targeted by anti-Catholicism navigated the systemic oppression it created.

Community (Custom) vs. State (Law): The Debate about Property in the Papal States in the 18th – 19th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 335-353
Author(s):  
Simone Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
State Law ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Papal States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geographical Context ◽  
The Middle Ages

During the 18th century, an increasingly strong individualistic attitude in the way of understanding the relationship between man and the tangible world spread throughout Europe. The legal institution which, more than any other, suffered from the effects of this reductionism was the Property as victim of incredible compression in comparison to medieval world. The exclusive model that the new Enlightenment and the bourgeois mentality wanted to adopt was the individual Property, to the detriment of all those forms of possession documented in the Middle Ages. The present study intends to investigate, in the geographical context of the Papal States, the great juridical dispute between the individualistic model – endorsed by the Sacred Legislator – and that of a collectivistic nature defended by the Community.

scholarly journals The Modern Enterprise - Successor of Business Organization Forms in Ancient Rome and Medieval Europe

2016 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Anca Pacala
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medieval Europe

In recent years, researchers and practitioners are increasingly interested in the role and influence of the forms of business organization on the economy and society. Interpretations of the role of companies in the modern period, ranging from enthusiastic support (as the most important invention of capitalism, an explanation of the Western civilization’s expansion) to moderate and often critical positions, where the company is seen as a solution, not necessarily optimal, to market imperfections. On the other hand, we often ponder upon the explanation of political, administrative and infrastructural success of ancient Rome: the state or the enterprise (the private initiative)? Closer to our time, we rediscover with amazement that the "dark" Middle Ages are not at all dark and lacking in progress, at least in terms of capitalist organization and logic. The development of trade in the two poles of medieval Europe (the Mediterranean and the Balto-Scandinavian area), of industry and trade in the North-Western quadrant (Flanders and neighbouring regions), was concurrent with the improvement of organizational forms of business, with the diversity and flexibility of entrepreneurial or even corporate frameworks. Of course, the study of historical sources (ancient or medieval) cannot provide direct answers or solutions to the questions of modern society, because the challenges of today are rather different to those of the past. On the other hand, understanding history can help companies to build a more complete and a wiser enterprise functionality and role in the modern society, to reformulate the questions and to find new solutions. Our paper, with a clear juridical perspective on economic history, focuses on the organization of firms in ancient Rome and medieval Europe, tries to provide examples, useful interpretations and diverse solutions to the problems of contemporary society and economy.

Circassians between Russians and Turks

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 69-91
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Valentinovich Pilipchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article is devoted to the relationship of the Circassians with the Turkic peoples. The Caucasian-speaking ancestors of the Adyge, Circassians and Kabardians were known to contemporaries under several ethnonyms. Papags and Kasogians were mixed Turkic-Caucasian tribes and served in the Khazar Kaganate. Zikhians occupied the Northern-East Black Sea littotal lands and were ruled by Georgian (Abkhazian) kings and Zikhian archbishops of the Matarcha. The Pechenegs were allies of the Zikhians, and the Oguzes were their opponents. It can be argued about a certain period of dominance of the Zikhians on the Taman Peninsula in the 13th century, but in the 12th century the local Zikhians were supposed to recognize the power of the Byzantine Empire. The relations of the Zikhians with the Qipchaqs were friendly. The infiltration of Turkic elements into the ethnogenesis of the North-West Caucasus tribes contributed to the emergence of the Circassian ethnos. In the Golden Horde the Circassians actively maintained contacts with both the Genoese and the Tatars. Circassians living on the plane were integrated into the administrative system of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde). Circassians also fought against the Tatars of the Golden Horde and the Great Horde. The first Circassian principalities sources are recorded in the XV century. These were Khetuk, Kremuk, Kopa, Tatarkosia, Kabarda. The first three principalities worked closely with the Genoese and became victims of Turkish aggression in the 70-80-ies of XV century In the XVI century the principalities of Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleeney, Khatukai took shape. Natukhai, Abadzekhs, Shapsugs were circled Abazins and became part of the Circassian ethnosphere only in the 18th century. Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleney, Khatukai in the XVI century suffered from the invasions of the Crimean Tatars, therefore, in the middle of the XVI century hoped for an alliance with the Russians and sent embassies to Moscow. The war against the Crimean Tatars was fought mainly by the forces of Kabardians and the Ukrainian condottier D.Vyshnevetsky. With the departure of the D.Vyshnevetsky to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ivan IV virtually ceased to support the Western Circassians, which led to their reversal towards the Crimean Khanate. They took part in the Ottoman-Safavid war of 1578-1590 on the side of the Turks. In the XVII century the Besleney and Temirgoy rebelled against the Crimean Tatars, hoping for an alliance with the Russians, but to no avail. Success in the fight against the Crimean Tatars became possible thanks to several victories of the Kabardians over the troops of Gherays in the XVIII century. Temirgoy, Abadzekhs, Bjedugs, Shapsugs, Besleney, Makhosh, Ubykhs rebelled against Crimean Tatars in this century. With the annexation by the Russians of the Crimean Khanate, the Western Circassians underestimated the anti-Russian position. Key words: Zikhians, Kasogians, Papags, Circassians, Khazar Khaganate, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, Russians, Crimean Tatars

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