scholarly journals WINCKELMANN’S APOLLO AND THE PHYSIOGNOMY OF RACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (59) ◽  
pp. 6-35
Author(s):  
Lasse Hodne
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
White Male ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Male Body ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

The taste for classical art that induced museums in the West to acquire masterpieces from ancient Greece and Rome for their collections was stimulated largely by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. In the past decade, a number of articles have claimed that Winckelmann’s glorification of marble statues representing the white, male body promotes notions of white supremacy. The present article challenges this view by examining theories prevalent in the eighteenth century (especially climate theory) that affected Winckelmann’s views on race. Through an examination of different types of classicism, the article also seeks to demonstrate that Winckelmann’s aesthetics were opposed to the eclectic use of ancient models typical of the fascist regimes of the twentieth century.

Searching for Political Parties in the Past

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Chapter 1 introduces the long and difficult process of the theoretical legitimation of the political party as such. The analysis of the meaning and acceptance of ‘parties’ as tools of expressing contrasting visions moves forward from ancient Greece and Rome where (democratic) politics had first become a matter of speculation and practice, and ends up with the first cautious acceptance of parties by eighteenth-century British thinkers. The chapter explores how parties or factions have been constantly considered tools of division of the ‘common wealth’ and the ‘good society’. The holist and monist vision of a harmonious and compounded society, stigmatized parties and factions as an ultimate danger for the political community. Only when a new way of thinking, that is liberalism, emerged, was room for the acceptance of parties set.

The Palestinian Debate

Worldview ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Roeder ◽  
Franklin C. Marcus ◽  
Henry S. Sizer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The West ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
Palestinian Question

People seeking a settlement of the Palestinian question have focused on several options during the past few years. These proposals cover a wide range of choices from annexation by Israel of the West Bank and Gaza, to a Palestinian semiautonomy in the same territories, to some kind of union with Jordan. However, the only viable proposal is an arrangement that satisfies the population most directly involved; i.e., the Palestinians. And they will be satisfied with nothing less than true independence from both Israel and Jordan for the territories occupied by Israel since 1967. Just as other “peoples” have done before them, the Palestinians today are struggling for one thing above all else: the powerful idea of “self-determination” or “sovereignty.” In the twentieth century that means an independent state.

Future Impossible Communities

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Jossianna Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Special Section ◽  
The West ◽  
Spanish Caribbean ◽  
The Past ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
Key Interventions

This response essay reviews the six contributions to the special section “Con-Federating the Archipelago: The Confederación Antillana and the West Indies Federation.” These key interventions on the Spanish Caribbean Confederation projects in the nineteenth century and the West Indies Federation in the twentieth century provoke the following questions: Could we call these two Caribbean confederation projects failures if their centrality in Caribbean political imaginaries suggests otherwise? What are some of the insights that these two projects could offer to Caribbean sociohistorical processes, culture, and political developments? Even though these two projects seem to share a similar political goal, they are also radically different. The author reviews the contributions to the special section in dialogue with examples from Puerto Rico in order to assess the critical intervention in theories of nationalism produced by the past projects of federation and the possible futures they give rise to.

What Was Neo-Classicism?

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
James William Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Matthew Arnold ◽  
Eighteenth Century Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Century Literature ◽  
Selection Of

There seems to be no doubt about it: the century-old truisms about the literature variously called “Augustan” and “Neo-Classical” are in the process of dissolution. Premises induced by J. S. Mill and Matthew Arnold, explored by Oliver Elton, dogmatized by G. E. B. Saintsbury, and summarized by Leslie Stephen now appear inadequate to more recent scholars, whose research and rereading of Neo-Classical texts run counter to the general testimony as well as the specific judgments of their grandfathers. For the past few decades at least, published commentary has increasingly indicated the need to overhaul received ideas about those writers identified with the revival of classicism in England following the Restoration of Charles II and continuing throughout the eighteenth century.The deficiencies in Victorian and Edwardian assumptions about Neo-Classicism revealed by latter-day findings are several, some of them due to false criteria of taste, morality, and literary excellence. But chiefly the research of the present age has disclosed a vast range of literature simply ignored — or, perhaps, suppressed — by earlier critics. Based as they were on a limited, prejudged selection of Restoration and eighteenth-century literature, the premises inherited from Victorian criticism have naturally failed to account for the discoveries of twentieth-century scholars.The resulting disparity between limited assumptions and expanded information has called into question the very possibility of formulating any critical schema that accurately describes the characteristics of English literature between 1660 and 1800. The relativistic — not to say atomistic — inclinations of contemporary scholarship enforce the view that indeed no schema is possible.

Naming the West

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerdien Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
European Values ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Civilized World ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the relationship between Europe and ancient Greece as narrated (or ignored) in a range of European history textbooks. It unravels the threads the narrative has followed since the eighteenth century, investigating the choices made in construing the narrative taught today. Which meanings were inherent in the terms “east” and “west” before they acquired the ideological coloring associating “east” with “barbarians” and “west” with the civilized world and “Europe”? The article opens up a new perspective on a complex past that was lost from view when perceptions of the ancient Greeks as guarantors of European values became entwined with the invention of the nation state.

Material Visions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy C. Kozakavich
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Intentional Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Vinyl Records

Artifacts made, bought, and used within past intentional communities demand careful interpretation. They may reaffirm or challenge our long-held ideas about a group, and as mute witnesses to the past can invite conflicting views among scholars and community descendants. This chapter spans the volume's widest temporal range, from eighteenth-century ceramics and food remains left by Pennsylvania's Ephrata Cloister to twentieth-century vinyl records listened to by members of California's Chosen Family. Examples from the Shakers, Harmonists, and Moravians demonstrate the importance of building community-specific contexts of interpretation that are sensitive to differences between individual groups as well as temporal changes within long-lived communities.

Performing the Past in the Present

2021 ◽  
pp. 704-720
Author(s):  
Rowan McLelland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Creation

This chapter explores the conscious adoption, reformation, and indigenization of ballet in China in the mid-twentieth century to foreground how this historical development has contributed to the creation of a new genre of ballet unique to China in the contemporary period. Using The Red Detachment of Women (1964, [红色娘子军]) and the more recent Eight Heroines (2015, [八女投江]), the chapter highlights ballet’s contemporaneity in China at the convergence of the unique legacy of the sociopolitical reimagining of the form with tangible links to both the past and the present in ballet in the Global North as a modern transnational practice. It concludes that it is in its very divergence from the style of contemporary ballet more commonly performed in the West that Chinese contemporary ballet embodies the pluralistic cosmopolitan values that contemporary ballet adopts.

The Contested Past: The Boxers as History and Myth

1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American History ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
Complex Case ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Pattern ◽  
High Degree ◽  
History And Myth ◽  
Martin Luther King

The mythologized past is the past that predominates in the minds of most people. Therefore, even as historians strive to counter it, it behooves us to study it with care. Although any aspect of the past has the potential to live on as myth in the present, certain events and persons, because they resonate with themes of broader historical scope and importance, have this potential to an especially high degree. Thus, in American history, where racism has been such a pervasive historical pattern, figures like Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King who helped to ameliorate the condition of blacks are often treated in larger-than-life terms. To take a more complex case, in China in the twentieth century, where the West has been by turns hated as an imperialist aggressor and admired for its mastery of the secrets of wealth and power, the Boxers, because they attacked both the West and its modern secrets, have been alternately praised and reviled.

“No Deceit Safe in Its Hiding Place”: The Criminal Trial in Eighteenth-Century Spain

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-478
Author(s):  
Fabio López-Lázaro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Uncritical Acceptance ◽  
Looking Back

The least understood aspect of the punishment of crime in pre-nineteenth-century Spanish society is trial procedure. This is not surprising. Our misapprehensions and misinterpretations of the past are principally the product of eighteenth-century reality being sieved through an uncritical acceptance of nineteenth-century political criticism. The West inherits much of its modern paradigm from the Spain of 1808 to 1834, from Romantic images of Goya as the enlightened individual fighting obscurantism to portrayals of heroic guerrilla patriots seeking to wrest political reform from a reactionary central government. It also inherits, although less consciously, the political rubrics of liberal and conservative (and absolutist) from nationalist polemics during the 1808–1814 French occupation. When looking back half a century later, Spaniards wanted to distinguish themselves clearly from the past.

scholarly journals Persophilia

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Negar Davari
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Space ◽  
World History ◽  
National Level ◽  
Space Theory ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Shifts

Academic investigation of the mutual influences of the West and the Easthas been the subject of few studies during the past decades. In this category,Hamid Dabashi’s work on the mutual effects of the Persianate Orient and theWest is impressive. The book traces evidences of the West’s Persophiliathroughout world history from Biblical and ancient texts to contemporarytexts under the influence of the Romanticism, Transcendentalism, mysticism,fascism, and pan-Islamism approaches. It provides thoughtful commentaryon the roots of western Persophilia, its outcome for the West and the Persianaiteworld, and the overall picture of Persophilic knowledge productionand transfer.As such, Dabashi’s work contributes to the socio-historical hermeneuticsof Persian and western culture by mapping their inter-related texts. He considersPersophilia a sub-category of Orientalism, through which he challengescolonial-based Orientalism. By relying on Jürgen Habermas’ theory of bourgeoispublic space, Dabashi criticizes Raymond Schwab and Edward Said’sviews as introducing a one-directional influence of the West upon the East. Hiswork suggests that there is a cyclic relation of influences between them. Tofurther this point, Dabashi expands Habermas’ public space theory beyond“bourgeois” and shifts it from a limited national level into a transnational scenethat emphasizes the role of Persophilia in the circulation and production ofknowledge worldwide. The book deems the emergence of Persophilia duringthe eighteenth century and its continuation to the present time as an influential ...

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