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Heterocyclic compounds play a critical role in medicinal chemistry and many available drugs contain heterocyclic
rings. A six-membered heterocyclic compound pyridine showed various applications that acts as an important solvent,
reagent, and precursor in agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Due to the increase of drug resistance, there is an obvious
medical need to develop new antiviral agents. Various derivatives of pyridine scaffold display abroad biological activities
such as anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-malaria, analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities, psychopharmacological antagonistic, anti-amoebic agents, and anti-thrombic activity. Due to the high importance
of pyridine derivatives, in the present review, we tried to collect and classify many pyridine derivatives based on their
structures from 2000 to 2020. Pyridine derivatives were classified into two general categories including pyridine containing
heterocycles and pyridine fused rings. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the action mechanism of derivatives were
also investigated. According to the recent studies, these derivatives exhibited good antiviral activity against different types
of viruses such as the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), the hepatitis B virus (HBV),
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). These derivatives inhibited viral application with different
action mechanism such as RT inhibition, polymerase inhibition, Inhibition of RNase H activity, inhibition of maturation,
inhibition of the viral thymidine kinase, AAK1 (Adaptor-Associated Kinase 1) inhibition, GAK (Cyclin G-associated
kinase) inhibition, inhibition of post-integrational event, inhibition of HDAC6, CCR5 antagonistic activity, DNA and RNA
replication inhibition, gene expression inhibition, cellular NF-jB signaling pathway and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition,
protein synthesis inhibition, and generally inhibition of viral replication cycle. This paper summarily expressed the past and
present results about the discovery of novel lead compounds with good antiviral activity. Studies exhibited that almost all
of the evaluations were performed by way of in vitro testing and is necessary to investigate in vivo and clinical testing for
having better evaluations in the future. We believe that pyridine derivatives can be used as promising antiviral agents and
needs to perform more broad investigations in this field.
Studies on antiviral agents. III. Synthesis and in vitro antiviral activity of 1-N-higher-acyl-3"-N-functionalized acylkanamycin A derivatives.
