The Hydroarchaeological Method: A Case Study at the Maya Site of Palenque

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk D. French ◽  
Christopher J. Duffy ◽  
Gopal Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Water System ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Watershed Land Use ◽  
Maya Site

AbstractThis research consists mainly of introducing the hydroarchaeological method, especially as related to issues of drought. The article outlines how this multidisciplinary method can provide insights into the success and failures of an archaeological site, in this case the Maya site of Palenque. We also detail convincing evidence that shows that the Maya of Palenque did not leave their city because of deficiencies of water, as some paleoclimatologists and archaeologists have asserted. The first logical step toward understanding any settlement’s water system is to use basic hydrologic methods and theory and to understand the local watershed. There is great potential for watershed-climate modeling in developing plausible scenarios of water use and supply and of the effect of extreme conditions (flood and drought), all of which cannot be fully represented by atmosphere-based climate and weather projections. The research demonstrates how the local watershed, land-use, and ecological conditions interact with regional climate changes. The archaeological implications for this noninvasive “virtual” method are many, including detecting periods of stress within a community, estimating population by developing caps based on the availability of water, and understanding settlement patterns, as well as assisting present local populations in understanding their water cycle.

Optimal Operation of Multireservoir Systems by Enhanced Water Cycle Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Yanjun Kong ◽  
Yadong Mei ◽  
Weinan Li ◽  
Ben Yue ◽  
Xianxun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water System ◽  
System Size ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Test Functions ◽  
Water Cycle Algorithm ◽  
Adaptive Parameter ◽  
Fitness Value ◽  
Better Than

In this article, an enhanced water cycle algorithm (EWCA) is proposed and applied to optimize the operation of multireservoir systems. Three improvements have been made to the water cycle algorithm (WCA). They refer to high-quality initial solutions obtained by the chaos-based method, balancing of exploration of streams using a dynamic adaptive parameter, and dynamic variation of sub-water system size using the fitness value of rivers. For the purpose of verifying the improvements, three typical benchmark functions were selected as test functions. It has shown that EWCA performs better than WCA and water cycle algorithm with evaporation rate (ER-WCA). And then these three algorithms were also applied to optimize the operation of a multireservoir system with complex constrains as the case study. By comparing the results, it is found that the EWCA has higher ability to find a feasible solution in a narrow searching space. The effectiveness of the improvements is confirmed.

Detecting evapotranspiration biases in reanalyses and regional climate modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyu Dan ◽  
Yanhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Free Atmosphere

<p>As the highest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) exerts great impacts on regional and global climate and water cycle through interactions between land and free atmosphere. Terrestrial evapotranspiration is a critical component of the Earth's water cycle. To better understand the heterogeneity of the evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau and its influences, we conducted a whole year dynamical downscale modelling (DDM) with the horizontal resolution at 28km and a convection permitting modelling (CPM) at 4km for 2014. DDM and CPM simulation results are compared with an satellite retrieving dataset, which is referred as OBS in the following, the global land surface data assimilation system (GLDAS) and two commonly used reanalyses ERA-Interim and ERA5, as well. The annual and seasonal means and seasonal variabilities are inter-compared. The evapotranspiration over ten dominant land use types are investigated based on six datasets. Differences with the satellite dataset are illustrated and relationships with soil moisture and temperature, precipitation and radiation are explored. The followings are obtained. GLDAS generally reproduces magnitude and pattern of the OBS; reanalyses overestimate, DDM and CPM underestimate compared to the OBS and GLDAS.</p><p>The overestimations in reanalyses occur in the monsoon season and the underestimations in DDM and CPM occur in the non-monsoon season. Large evapotranspiration biases exist over the vegetated ground which exert large impacts on the TP-average biases for growing season.</p>

Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulations over North America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhai Liu ◽  
Kyoko Ikeda ◽  
Roy Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Water System ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
The Impact

<p>The NCAR Water System Program has been striving to improve the representation of the water cycle and its future changes in both regional and global models during the past decade. One of our efforts is conducting continental-scale convection-permitting simulations of the current and future climate of North America using the WRF model based atmospheric-hydrological coupling system. The major science objectives of these simulations are: 1) to evaluate the capability of convection-permitting WRF model in capturing orographic precipitation and snow mass balance over the western mountains of North America and convective precipitation in the eastern part of the continent; 2) to assess future changes in seasonal snowfall and snowpack and associated surface hydrological cycles under the CMIP5-projected global warming; 3) to investigate water cycle changes in response to climate warming, including the summertime convective precipitation and associated mesoscale convective storm tracks; and 4) to examine the impact of climate change on severe weather over North America. As such, two phases of convection-permitting climate modeling have been undertaken using 4-km horizontal grid spacing covering most of North America.</p><p>The phase-one effort involves two 13-year simulations as reported in Liu et al. (2017): 1) a historical simulation with initial and boundary conditions from ERA-interim, and 2) a future climate sensitivity simulation, called pseudo-global warming (PGW), with modified reanalysis-derived initial and boundary conditions by adding the CMIP5 ensemble-mean projected climate change. These WRF-downscaled climate change simulations provide a unique high-resolution dataset to the community for studying one possible scenario of regional climate changes and impacts.</p><p>Recognizing that only the thermodynamic future climate impacts can be adequately addressed in the PGW approach, the NCAR Water System team has started conducting a second set (phase II) of current and future simulations at 4-km grid spacing over North America. In these simulations, the WRF model is forced using the weather perturbations derived from the NCAR CESM model 6-hourly output plus the reanalysis-based bias-corrected CMIP5 ensemble mean climate as detailed in Dai et al. (2017). The model domain is also expanded northward to include Canada and the Canadian Arctic. Because storm track changes are permitted, these simulations complement the previous PGW simulations, allowing us to address the impact of dynamic changes in the future warmer climate. We will present some preliminary analysis results of these simulations, with focus on the evaluation of the historical simulation and the added value of convection-permitting resolution and mean climate bias corrections.</p>

scholarly journals Food Bioactive Compounds and Emerging Techniques for Their Extraction: Polyphenols as a Case Study

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
José S. Câmara ◽  
Bianca R. Albuquerque ◽  
Joselin Aguiar ◽  
Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽  
João L. Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Biological Impact ◽  
Preventive Effects

Experimental studies have provided convincing evidence that food bioactive compounds (FBCs) have a positive biological impact on human health, exerting protective effects against non-communicable diseases (NCD) including cancer and cardiovascular (CVDs), metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). These benefits have been associated with the presence of secondary metabolites, namely polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, vitamins, and fibres, among others, derived from their antioxidant, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, cardioprotective, and vasodilator properties. Polyphenols as one of the most abundant classes of bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods emerge as a promising approach for the development of efficacious preventive agents against NCDs with reduced side effects. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive and deep insights into the potential of polyphenols, from their chemical structure classification and biosynthesis to preventive effects on NCDs, namely cancer, CVDs, and NDDS. The challenge of polyphenols bioavailability and bioaccessibility will be explored in addition to useful industrial and environmental applications. Advanced and emerging extraction techniques will be highlighted and the high-resolution analytical techniques used for FBCs characterization, identification, and quantification will be considered.

scholarly journals New insights to assess the consolidation of stone materials used in built heritage: the case study of ancient graffiti (Tituli Picti) in the archaeological site of Pompeii

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo ◽  
Natalia Rovella ◽  
Anna Arcudi ◽  
Vincenza Crupi ◽  
Domenico Majolino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals Multitemporal–Multispectral UAS Surveys for Archaeological Research: The Case Study of San Vincenzo Al Volturno (Molise, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2719
Author(s):  
Nicodemo Abate ◽  
Alessia Frisetti ◽  
Federico Marazzi ◽  
Nicola Masini ◽  
Rosa Lasaponara
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Low Altitude

Unmanned aerial vehicles are currently the most used solution for cultural heritage in the field of close range and low altitude acquisitions. This work shows data acquired by multitemporal and multispectral aerial surveys in the archaeological site of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Molise, Italy). The site is one of the most important medieval archaeological sites in the world. It is a monastic settlement that was particularly rich during the early Middle Ages, and is famous for its two full-frescoed crypts which represent a milestone in the history of medieval art. Thanks to the use of multispectral aerial photography at different times of the year, an area not accessible to archaeological excavation has been investigated. To avoid redundancy of information and reduce the number of data to be analysed, a method based on spectral and radiometric enhancement techniques combined with a selective principal component analysis was used for the identification of useful information. The combination of already published archaeological data and new remote sensing discoveries, has allowed to better define the situation of the abbey during the building phases of the 8th/9th century and 11th century, confirming and adding new data to the assumptions made by archaeologists.

scholarly journals Urban Climates and Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéry Masson ◽  
Aude Lemonsu ◽  
Julia Hidalgo ◽  
James Voogt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Modeling ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Urban Climatology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Global Agenda

Cities are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather episodes, which are expected to increase with climate change. Cities also influence their own local climate, for example, through the relative warming known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This review discusses urban climate features (even in complex terrain) and processes. We then present state-of-the-art methodologies on the generalization of a common urban neighborhood classification for UHI studies, as well as recent developments in observation systems and crowdsourcing approaches. We discuss new modeling paradigms pertinent to climate impact studies, with a focus on building energetics and urban vegetation. In combination with regional climate modeling, new methods benefit the variety of climate scenarios and models to provide pertinent information at urban scale. Finally, this article presents how recent research in urban climatology contributes to the global agenda on cities and climate change.

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