scholarly journals La fiction urbaine contemporaine swahilie : quelques pistes

2013 ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Sheila Ali Ryanga ◽  
Rachel Wangari Maina
Keyword(s):  
Bertolt Brecht ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Kenyan literary writers in Swahili soon after independence dwelt mostly with rural setting. Most of the works dwelt on African social values and philosophy within work ethics and relationships. However, with the growth of industries in urban centers, the issue of rural urban migration arose. Many educated Kenyans moved to urban centers in search of jobs. To mirror this change in society, literary writers enriched their works by using both the rural and urban settings. This became a constant feature in the works of literary writers in Swahili. Some of these features include street life, life in the slums and pollution. This paper attempts to study how the urban setting is depicted in modern Kenyan Swahili literary texts. Realism theory as propagated by both Georg Lukács and Bertolt Brecht will be invoked during the analysis of the texts, specifically, how the urban genre developed, images used to depict urban life and centers, and establish the influence of this genre on Swahili literary writing as a whole.

On-Scene Intravenous Line Insertion Adversely Impacts Prehospital Time in Rural Vehicular Trauma

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1083-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Gonzalez ◽  
Glenn R. Cummings ◽  
Herbert A. Phelan ◽  
Madhuri S. Mulekar ◽  
Charles B. Rodning
Keyword(s):  
Linked Data ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Intravenous Line ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Prehospital Time

Fatality rates from rural vehicular trauma are almost double those found in urban settings. Increased emergency medical services (EMS) prehospital time has been implicated as one of the causative factors for higher rural fatality rates. Advanced Trauma Life Support guidelines suggest scene time should not be extended to insert an intravenous catheter (IV). The purpose of this study was to assess the association between intravenous line placement and motor vehicle crash (MVC) scene time in rural and urban settings. An imputational methodology using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System permitted linkage of data from police motor vehicle crash and EMS records. Intergraph GeoMedia software permitted this linked data to be plotted on digital maps for segregation into rural and urban groups. MVCs were defined as rural or urban by location of the accident using the U.S. Bureau of Census Criteria. Linked data were analyzed to assess for EMS time on-scene, on-scene IV insertion, on-scene IV insertion attempts, and patient mortality. Over a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from Alabama EMS patient care reports (PCRs) and police crash reports. A total of 45,763 police crash reports were linked to EMS PCRs. Of these linked crash records, 34,341 (75%) and 11,422 (25%) were injured in rural and urban settings, respectively. Six hundred eleven (1.78%) mortalities occurred in rural settings and 103 (0.90%) in urban settings (P < 0.005). There were 6,273 (18.3%) on-scene IV insertions in the rural setting and 1,290 (11.3%) in the urban setting (P < 0.005). Mean EMS time on-scene when single IV insertion attempts occurred was 16.9 minutes in the rural setting and 14.5 minutes in the urban setting (P < 0.0001). When two attempts of on-scene IV insertion were made, mean EMS time on-scene in the rural setting (n = 891 [2.6%]) was 18.4 minutes and 15.7 minutes in the urban setting (n = 142 [1.2%; P < 0.005). Excluding dead on-scene patients, mean EMS time on-scene when mortalities occurred in rural and urban settings was 18.9 minutes and 10.8 minutes, respectively (P < 0.005). On-scene IV insertion occurred with significantly greater frequency in rural than urban settings. This incurs greater EMS time on-scene and prehospital time that may be associated with increased vehicular fatality rates in rural settings.

Urban Migration and Selective Acculturation: The Case of the Maori

1974 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collette ◽  
Pat O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
European Population ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social

The New Zealand Maori represent an important case study in the processes of urbanization and acculturation of an indigenous people. Whereas prior to World War II very few Maoris lived in cities, despite the existence of urban areas since the mid-nineteenth century, the postwar period has witnessed the most rapid urbanization of an indigenous people. By 1966, over one-half of the Maori population resided in cities and urban boroughs. The reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are discussed in terms of four factors: (1) changes in the attitudes of the European population; (2) changes in governmental policies concerning the social and economic development of the Maori population; (3) differences between the economic positions of rural and urban Maoris; and (4) the social changes effected by the military and logistic necessities of World War II. One of the most important features of Maori urbanization is that it is occurring without involving extensive loss or destruction of traditional Maori culture. It seems that the rapidity with which urbanization is occurring is at least partly responsible for the maintenance of traditional culture in the urban setting.

The Distribution of Household Income in China: Inequality, Poverty and Policies

2014 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Li ◽  
Terry Sicular
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis article examines recent trends in inequality and poverty and the effects of distributional policies in China. After a discussion of data and measurement issues, we present evidence on national, as well as rural and urban, inequality and poverty. We critically examine a selection of policies pursued during the Hu–Wen decade that had explicit distributional objectives: the individual income tax, the elimination of agricultural taxes and fees, minimum wage policies, the relaxation of restrictions on rural–urban migration, the minimum living standard guarantee programme, the “open up the west” development strategy, and the development-oriented rural poverty reduction programme. Despite these policies, income inequality in China increased substantially from the mid-1990s through to 2008. Although inequality stabilized after 2008, the level of inequality remained moderately high by international standards. The ongoing urban–rural income gap and rapid growth in income from private assets and wealth have contributed to these trends in inequality. Policies relaxing restrictions on rural–urban migration have moderated inequality. Our review of selected distributional policies suggests that not all policy measures have been equally effective in ameliorating inequality and poverty.

scholarly journals URAL EMPLOYMENTS IN THE MEKONG DELTA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH URBAN AREAS IN THE SHIFT FROM RICE CULTIVATION TO SHRIMP FARMING

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Lan Thi Phuong Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

By analyzing dimensions of labor migration in the delta’s rice-to-shrimp communities, this paper suggests that in the present context, the relationship between rural and urban areas cannot be separately analyzed. In this paper, this close relationship is manifested in two aspects of rural employments and rural-urban migration. Those factors of excess labor, limited land, lack of employment, and uncertain conditions in agriculture production are important movitations of labor migration in the delta. Our findings are that having close proximity to industrial and urban areas remains an important drive of rural-urban migration. However, the rapid development of transportation and information which more and more connects rural and urban areas effectively has reduced geographical distance. Consequently, the organic relations between rural and industrial and urban areas have accelerated rural-urban migration. Moreover, rural-migration is also an indicator of unsustainability in agricultural production of the Mekong Delta.

scholarly journals Then Effects of rural-urban migration on economic status of rural residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Thiengtham Keopasith ◽  
Shen Neng
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

The study examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach to collect and analyze data, first, data were collected through a questionnaire from households whose family members migrated to urban centers, and interviews were held with various heads of villages in the study area. The study reveals that the majority of the migrants were able-bodied youth who migrated to urban centers to seek employment and education. Migrants’ families at places of origin benefited from migration of their own relations to urban centers mainly through remittances which enabled them to improve their livelihood as the remittances were spent on daily consumption and investment into business activities. The study recommends that government should formulate policies that would create employment for citizens in rural areas, and encourage the private sector to build industries in rural areas to prevent rural-urban migration. Government and the private sector should also empower rural farmers through the promotion of markets for farm produce in order to improve the income of rural farmers, reduce poverty, improve the quality of life and well-being, increase their happiness, satisfaction, and minimize rural-urban migration. The study findings are limited to developing countries where rural-urban migration is a challenge due to the generally low quality of life in rural areas. Further research on the effects of rural-urban migration on the economic status of rural residents should involve a quantitative analysis of the impact of remittances by migrants on poverty reduction in rural areas.

scholarly journals Urban Life-Worlds in Motion: In Africa and Beyond

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Peter Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Urban Studies ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
History Of Anthropology ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Contexts

Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.

Human Capital and Urbanization in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 514-546
Author(s):  
Sandip Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Active Policy

This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.

scholarly journals SOCIO- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL - URBAN BALANCE IN IRAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1177
Author(s):  
Dr. Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Productivity

The article assesses how socio-agricultural development will sustain as a result of a balanced scale of rural-urban equality. However, increasing migration from rural to urban areas highly affects productivity and the infrastructure of the productivity in urban sectors. The process of modernization is highly responsible for the change, and a motivator for rural-urban migration not only in Iran, but in China, India and many other developing countries. The emerging scenario is contributing to increasing issues. The article concludes that rural and urban, or so to say, agriculture and industry benefit each other. The paper reaches the point that rural-urban balance optimistically leads to socio-economic development and sustainable growth. On the other hand, increasing and unbridled urbanization leads to declining raw materials needed for industrial development and urban productivity. The article reflects the merits, demerits and the challenges of the current transformation.

scholarly journals Gram Panchayat Adoption Advisor System

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 05-07
Author(s):  
R.G. Raut
Keyword(s):  
Rural Economy ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
It Professionals ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban People ◽  
The Village ◽  
Member Of Parliament

Whenever any adopter tries to adopt the village from the website of sansad  gram yojana  adopter check the sorted list of villages. Sansad  aadarsh gram yojana which promotes the citizen to adopt a village and work along with the community at the grass route level towards development  of the villages, member of parliament, academic institutions, IT professionals, industries, NRI’s, NGO’s  and individual volunteers are working to achieve the above mentioned goals in a participatory  manner. The study describes a “Village Adoption Scheme” as a model for energizing the rural economy in India and to slow down rural-urban migration which research has shown to be harmful to both rural and urban people of India and their regions. In, gram Panchayat adoption advisor ,algorithm which is necessary is “Naïve Bays classifier algorithm”. Naïve Bays algorithm is used for classification of historical data. It classifies data as poor villages get priotarized.

scholarly journals La migración del campo a las ciudades. La pobreza y la exclusión social de los pobladores de la colonia Miguel Alemán en Xalapa, México

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Teajan Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The People ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Over Time

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza la migración rural-urbana, en particular el caso de los habitantes que llegaron a fundar la Colonia Miguel Alemán en la ciudad de Xalapa. Se hace una descripción de la situación del campo en México y en Veracruz para poder entender el continuo éxodo de campesinos a los centros urbanos. Respecto a los campesinos que llegaron a la colonia, ellos han experimentado condiciones de pobreza extrema y de exclusión social. Para subsistir se han tenido que incorporar a la organización vecinal y con el tiempo esta gestión incide para mejor sus condiciones de vida. Por otra parte, se explica cómo los colonos han ido desarrollando competencias culturales producto de un proceso de hibridación cultural entre las pautas de la sociedad rural tradicional con la cultura urbana a la que se han adaptado. Abstract: This paper analyzes the rural-urban migration, in the special case of the people who founded the Miguel Aleman neighborhood in Xalapa. A description is made of the rural situation in Mexico and in Veracruz, in order to understand the continuing emigration of peasants to urban centers in Mexico. Regarding the peasants who came to this specific neighborhood, they have experienced extreme poverty and social exclusion in relation to housing, education, health services and employment. Because of this, to survive, they have had to join a neighbour organization and through its aid over time, they have improved their living conditions. In addition to this, there is a description of how the recent migrants have been developing cultural competences because of a hybridization process between the patterns of the traditional- rural- social guidelines of their place of origin and the urban culture to which they have adapted.

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