scholarly journals The Metrics of Landscape. Stereo fieldwork by Francisco Afonso Chaves and other Portuguese Explorers

Artnodes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Flores
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The 19Th Century

Although the invention of the stereoscope in 1832 shed new light on the anomalies of vision and on the constructive role of the mind in visual perception, this became no obstacle to its scientific uses throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. On the contrary, combined with photography, the stereoscope embodied both the imperialist politics of the 19th century and its scientific ideology. These pairs of twin images perfected photography as an accurate and credible scientific instrument and gave explorers the chance to map, calculate and “grab the world in an image”. The use of stereo photography in geodesic and topographic fieldworks is one of the best evidences of such scientific practices, largely overlooked by stereo photography studies. Here, we introduce the stereoviews by Portuguese explorers such as Francisco Afonso Chaves, an early-20th-century Azorean naturalist, and analyse a particular series of Verascope glass plates which represent theodolites photographed during his fieldwork. The identification of common uses of theodolites in the stereo collections of other explorers suggests the advantage of expanding fieldwork to the laboratory, a fact David Brewster (1856) would naturally recognise as a “rational pleasure”.

The visions of global salvation in Juliusz Słowacki’s messianic thought and the philosophical works of Teilhard de Chardin

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-39
Author(s):  
Olaf Krysowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intellectual Style ◽  
Final Shape ◽  
The World ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Common Vision

Juliusz Słowacki and Teilhard de Chardin did not have much in common. The former was a Polish poet who wrote in the first half of the 19th century using a literary-pictorial style. The latter, on the other hand, was a French philosopher working in the first half of the 20th century using a scientific and intellectual style. In spite of these differences, one may get the impression that they both followed the same goal: to learn and explain the principles of the development of the world, from its origin to its end, from Alpha to Omega. This aspiration was accompanied by a belief (in Słowacki’s case, a messianic one) that the progress of existence leads to salvation and takes place according to a certain plan. One of the main mecha- nisms of this plan is the process of lifting the consciousness through the evolution of various biological forms towards its final shape – unity with God who is both a person and the absolute which encompasses all of the creation. Although the poet and the philosopher used different communication codes, their works share a common vision of evolution as a transition from an unconscious, dispersed exist- ence to a united being in which the spirit, the knowledge and the mind can achieve a “global”, yet personalized level.

scholarly journals Poetycka wyspa pokoju: O powstaniu, działalności i światowych aspiracjach arabskiego Stowarzyszenia Apollo

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Balwierz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

THE POETIC ISLAND OF PEACE. THE FORMATION, ACTIVITY AND WORD-WIDE ASPIRATIONS OF THE ARABIC APOLLO SOCIETY The object of the book is the presentation of the genesis and activity of the Apollo Society, acting in Egypt within the years 1932-1934 for the benefit of the rebirth of Arabic poetry. Particular attention in this book was paid to the peaceful mission that the society itself selected, and the ideas of brotherhood, cooperation, and international literary exchange – on which it was based. The leading representatives of this group understood the rebirth of Arabic poetry as such an increase of its artistic level that would enable its creators to join the Parnassus of the world poetry, become equal partners alongside the English, French or German poets. They dreamed their poetic works would become the great pride of the Arabs in the international forum. The book presents the various stages of the rebirth of Arabic poetry in Egypt during the second half of the 19th century to the first four decades of the 20th century. Factors that enabled the development of poetry were characterized, the role of the Apollo Society and the monthly review published by it was shown in the history of Arabic literature. The 20s of the 20th

Book Reviews: Robert A. Stafford, Scientist of empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, scientific exploration and Victorian imperialism

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-193
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
General Consensus ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

Robert A. Stafford, Scientist of empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, scientific exploration and Victorian imperialism . Cambridge University Press, 1989. Pp xi + 293, £30.00. ISBN 0-521-33537-x European imperialism in the second half of the 19th century has been of great interest to historians for many decades. Even its definition has been a matter of brisk controversy, though now there is a general consensus that imperialism was the deliberate act or advocacy of extending or maintaining a state’s direct or indirect control over any other inhabited territory. From the early 20th century imperialism, especially as made manifest in the scramble for Africa, has often been seen as an aberrant phenomenon. Rarely has it been viewed as a natural and expected development in the relation between Europe and the rest of the world: its nature, its scope, and its timing were problematic.

19th century and early 20th century studies on aquatic off-flavours - a historical review

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per-Edvin Persson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
20Th Century Literature ◽  
Odour Source ◽  
Correct Picture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Literature

A review of the 19th century and early 20th century literature reveals that a largely correct picture of the role of many microalgae as sources of tastes and odours in water supplies had been obtained by the end of the 19th century. Attention was not paid to actinomycetes as an odour source until the end of the 1920s. Scientific studies on the etiology of off-flavours in fish began in 1910, revealing an essentially modern picture from the beginning.

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals The personality and the creative work of A. Pasculli in the context of the West European music art of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Liliya Orlanovna Norbu ◽  
Mariya Vladimirovna Kholodova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Creative Life

The authors of the research focus on Antonio Pasculli, a famous Italian virtuoso oboe player and composer of the late 19th - the early 20th century, whose name had long and undeservingly been in the wilderness. In the last two-three decades, his legacy has been getting a new lease on life. Pasculli’s compositions are on the concert list of oboe players all over the world. Despite the performance popularity, the personality and creative work of the outstanding Italian musician are still on the periphery of the research focus of Russian musicologists. All valuable information is contained in rare foreign researches. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to reconstruct the artistic portrait of Antonio Pasculli in the context of time. This research is the first in Russian musicology to introduce into Russian scientific discourse the data from foreign sources revealing the peculiarities of Pasculli’s creative life. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the authors conclude about the necessity to revise the role of Pasculli’s work and legacy in the context of European music culture of the 19th century. It is believed that familiarization with the information about the Italian musician, unknown to the Russian audience, will help to not only dive deeper into the specificity of Pasculli’s compositions, but also to reinterpret his place and role in the evolution of playing woodwind instruments.

scholarly journals Orthography of books and their authors at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jurgita Venckienė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Press ◽  
Prayer Books ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Research Period

During development of the Standard Lithuanian language at the end of the 19th century, the dialectal basis was chosen first, and the orthography varied yet for another twenty years. This article analyses the dual orthography – of books and personal orthography of their authors. The study is designed to find out whether the books published during that period reflect the orthographic model chosen by their authors; what factors, in addition to the author’s choice, may have influenced the orthography of the books.The influence of printers on the orthography of books during that period was smaller than before, as many authors did the proofreading themselves. Thus, printers were able to change the orthography in cases where books were printed without the author’s knowledge or consent, such as prayer books. If the author chose unusual, rare, or even self-invented characters, a limited inventory of prints could be a serious obstacle to keep their orthography in the book. As the case of Jonas Basanavičius shows, even when the author offered to finance the acquisition of the necessary prints, this was not necessarily done.At the end of the 19th century, books were published as supplements to periodicals. The editors of newspapers Ūkininkas and Tėvynės sargas adapted the orthography of such books to their periodicals. Under the terms of the press ban, it was often important for authors just to print a book, and the spelling model was chosen by the publisher. However, authors such as Basanavičius, who considered themselves the creators of the standard language, took care to present their chosen or created model of orthography in their books as well.As the cases of Liudvika Didžiulienė, Dominykas Tumėnas and Basanavičius show, two orthographic standards emerged during the research period: correspondence was written one way and books were printed another. Hence, it is not always possible to judge the orthographic model chosen by the authors in books published at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. 

scholarly journals Panorámica historiográfica de los estudios sobre el Mitra védico, avéstico y romano

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Israel Campos Méndez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Scientific Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Accidental Discovery

Resumen: El interés que ha suscitado la figura del dios Mitra ha dejado como reflejo estudios que se remontan al periodo romano. Sin embargo, a partir del Renaci­miento el descubrimiento casual de piezas escul­tóricas de asunto mitraico, atrajo el interés de in­vestigadores que indagaron en sus escritos sobre la identidad de la divinidad que aparecía matando un toro. Durante los siglos XVI al XVIII, la temática solar y la identificación del Mitraísmo se convirtió en el contenido de estos estudios. A partir del s. XIX, empieza a tomar forma una investigación de carácter más científico sobre la cuestión mitraica, que encontrará su nacimiento formal con los tra­bajos de F. Cumont a principios del s. XX. Este si­glo pasado ha sido el que ha visto florecer el mayor y más profundo volumen de estudios desentrañan­do los misterios vinculados al dios Mitra, tanto en su vertiente de divinidad de los panteones védicos y avésticos, como en el ámbito del culto mistérico desarrollado en el marco del Imperio Romano. En los comienzos del siglo XXI, todavía permanecen abiertas algunas hipótesis iniciales, pero sí se cons­tata una vitalidad en los estudios para la compren­sión global del Mitraísmo.Palabras clave: Mitra, Mitraísmo, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.Abstract: One mark of the interest attached to the god Mithra is the line of studies dating back to the Ro­man period. It was, however, during the Renais­sance that the accidental discovery of sculptural pieces of a Mithraic subject attracted the interest of researchers, who sought to identify the bull-ki­lling divinity. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, this field of research re-oriented itself to the solar theme and the identification of Mithraism. In the 19th century, it took on a scientific nature, and the landmark the studies of F. Cumont saw the light of day in early 20th century. As the century progres­sed ambitious in-depth studies flourished, unra­velling the mysteries linked to the cult of the god Mithra, both in terms of the divinity of the Vedic and Avestan pantheons and of the sphere of the mystery cult established in the context of the Ro­man Empire. At the beginning of the 21st century, some initial hypotheses remain open, but the vi­tality of studies pursuing a global understanding of Mithraism remains unchallenged.Key words: Mithra, Mithraism, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.

Giftedness from the perspective of research on genius: Some precautionary implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 026142942110463
Author(s):  
Dean Keith Simonton
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Iq Tests

The terms giftedness and genius entered the research literature in the 19th century. Although not synonymous, both terms were defined according to potential or actual achievement in a specific domain. However, in the early 20th century, both terms became defined according to performance on domain-generic IQ tests. Given the empirical relations between achievement and intelligence, this transfer of meaning is unjustified. Both giftedness and genius must be defined with respect to potential or actual domain-specific achievements.

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