scholarly journals APPLICATION OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN LANDSCAPE TURFGRASS ESTABLISHMENT UNDER ARID AND SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTS

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazi N. AL-KARAKI
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Turf Grass ◽  
Semiarid Regions ◽  
Semiarid Environments ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Landscape Ecological ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Turf grasses are considered an integral part of landscape ecological systemsworldwide which provide functional, recreational and aesthetic benefits to societyand the environment. In arid and semiarid regions (e.g., Mediterranean region),turf grass is usually grown under harsh and unfavorable growing conditions withlow rainfall and high rates of evapotranspiration as well as in soils with nutrientdeficiencies. Hence, growing turf grass in these regions becomes dependent onapplication of high levels of fertilizers as well as on excessive use of irrigationwater, resulting in an environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important that turfgrass plantations are managed in a sustainable way to reduce the impact of turfgrass cultivation on ecosystems while maintaining healthy and productive turfthrough using such practices as mycorrhizal fungi technology. The application ofmycorrhizal fungi technology is an option that can benefit both agronomic planthealth and ecosystems. Mycorrhizae confer numerous benefits to host plantsincluding improved plant growth, mineral nutrition, water uptake, tolerance todiseases and stresses such as drought and salinity. The aims of this paper were toreview how mycorrhizal fungi might play a role in enhancing landscape turfestablishment and productivity in arid and semiarid regions and to evaluate theeffectiveness of application of commercial mycorrhizal inoculum to enhance plantgrowth and survival under field conditions. Field experiment was conducted tostudy the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi inoculation on water useefficiency and establishment of a landscape turf. The results showed that turf grassinoculated with AM fungi used water more efficiently, established lawn morequickly and had more biomass than uninoculated turf grass. The conclusions of thispaper indicated the potential of mycorrhiza inoculation in improving the fastestablishment of turf landscape plants under arid and semiarid environments.

scholarly journals Detection of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Roots of Strawberry Plants Fertilized with Organic Bioproducts

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lisek ◽  
Lidia Sas Paszt ◽  
Beata Sumorok
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
The Impact

Summary In organic farming, mineral fertilizers are replaced by various preparations to stimulate plant growth and development. Introduction of new biopreparations into horticultural production requires an assessment of their effects on the growth and yielding of plants. Among the important indicators of the impact on plants of beneficial microorganisms contained in bioproducts is determination of their effectiveness in stimulating the growth and yielding of plants. Moreover, confirmation of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the roots and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere is also necessary. In addition to conventional methods, molecular biology techniques are increasingly used to allow detection and identification of AM fungi in plant roots. The aim of this study was identification and initial taxonomic classification of AM fungi in the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants fertilized with various biopreparations using the technique of nested PCR. Tests were performed on DNA obtained from the roots of ‘Elkat’ strawberry plants: not fertilized, treated with 10 different biopreparations, or fertilized with NPK. Amplification of the large subunit of ribosomal gene (LSU rDNA) was carried out using universal primers, and then, in the nested PCR reaction, primers specific for the fungi of the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora were used. Colonization of strawberry roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was determined on the basis of the presence of DNA fragments of a size corresponding to the types of the fungi tested for. As a result of the analyses, the most reaction products characterizing AM fungi were found in the roots of plants treated with the preparation Florovit Eko. The least fragments characteristic of AM fungi were detected in the roots of plants fertilized with NPK, which confirms the negative impact of mineral fertilizers on the occurrence of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of strawberry plants. The roots of plants fertilized with Tytanit differed from the control plants by the presence of one of the clusters of fungi of the genus Glomus and by the absence of a cluster of fungi of the genus Scutellospora. In the roots of plants treated with other biopreparations there were reaction products indicating the presence of fungi of the genera Glomus, Scutellospora and Acaulospora, like in the roots of the control plants. The results will be used to assess the suitability of microbiologically enriched biopreparations in horticultural production.

scholarly journals Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas I. Wilkes ◽  
Douglas J. Warner ◽  
Keith G. Davies ◽  
Veronica Edmonds-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Epsp Synthase ◽  
The Impact

Zero till cropping systems typically apply broad-spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate as an alternative weed control strategy to the physical inversion of the soil provided by cultivation. Glyphosate targets 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in plants. There is growing evidence that this may have a detrimental impact on non-target organisms such as those present in the soil microbiome. Species of commercial importance, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots are an important example. This study investigates the impact of soil cultivation and glyphosate application associated with conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively on AM fungi populations under field and glasshouse conditions. Topsoil (<10 cm) was extracted from CT and ZT fields cropped with winter wheat, plus non-cropped control plots within the same field boundary, throughout the cropping year. Glyphosate was applied in glasshouse experiments at rates between 0 and 350 g L−1. Ergosterol, an indicator of fungal biomass, was measured using high performance liquid chromatography before and after glyphosate application. Fungal root arbuscules, an indicator of AM fungi–root symbiosis, were quantified from the roots of wheat plants. Under glasshouse conditions root arbuscules were consistently higher in wheat grown in ZT field extracted soils (P = 0.01) compared to CT. Glyphosate application however inhibited fungal biomass in both the ZT (P < 0.00001) and CT (P < 0.001) treatments. In the absence of glyphosate, the number of stained root arbuscules increased significantly. Ergosterol levels, used as a proxy for fungal biomass, remained lower in the soil post glyphosate application. The results suggest that CT has a greater negative impact on AM fungal growth than ZT and glyphosate, but that glyphosate is also detrimental to AM fungal growth and hinders subsequent population recovery.

scholarly journals Evaluate the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in some medicinal plants grown in noyal river bed, tiruppur district, tamil nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Venkatachalapathi A ◽  
Abdul Kaffoor H ◽  
Nagarajan N
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

To evaluate the rhizosphere soils and ten medicinal herbs polluted soils were tested for the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and determined the impact of the physico chemical factors in relation to the quantitative and qualitative assessment of AM fungi in polluted soils. Forty species of AMF belonging to five genera such as Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora were recorded and identified. Glomus fistulosum was noticed as the moist dominant in the polluted. In the non-polluted soils,all the plant species were colonized with AM fungi. Where as in polluted soils, eight herb species only were colonized and the percentage of root colonization was less.

scholarly journals Stimulation Impact of Rhizospheric Microbe’s Glomeromycota AM Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth, Productivity, Lycopene, Β-Carotene, Antioxidant Activity and Mineral Contents of Tomato beneath Field Condition Cultivated in Western Ghats Covering Semi-Arid Region of Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Β Carotene

The rhizosphere is the slim region of soil that’s directly influenced by root secretions and accompanying soil microorganisms known as root microbiome. The rhizosphere involving the soil pores comprises numerous beneficial bacterium and others different microorganisms. Microbial communities play a vital role within the functioning of plants by stimulating their morphology, physiology and development. Several species of the rhizosphere microorganism are helpful to plant growth and overall productivity. The useful plant-microbe associations within the rhizosphere are the principal determinants of plant and soil health (SH). Rhizobacteria comprise mycorrhization helper microorganism and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are support arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) to colonize the plant roots. Tomato is the second most common cultivated vegetable within the world for biological process and functions. Tomato has high values in soluble fat, vitamin A, B, C, lycopene, flavonoids, and β-carotene and is of course low in calories. Tomato consumption are extremely useful to human health (HH) because of several crucial nutrients are accessible. In current study, the impact of inoculating tomato with consortium AM fungi and PGPR on growth, fruit quality and productivity was estimated. The inoculated AM fungi are containing Aculospora logula-15%, Glomus fasciculatum-20%, Glomus intraradices-40%, Gigaspora margarita-15% and Scutellospora heterogama-10% infective propagules in inoculum. The consortium PGPR treatments were inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas fluoresces and Fraturia aurantia (10-9CFU/g) and also the Control [100% Recommended Rate of fertilizers (RRF)] treatment was without microbial inoculated. Phyto-morpho-chemical factors, containing Lycopene, β-carotene, antioxidant activity, growth, fruit yield, fruit potassium (K) and macro and micro nutrients uptake in shoot were improved by AM fungi and PGPR mediated tomato as compared with control (100% RRF). Maximum lycopene, β-carotene, fruit K and antioxidant activity (AA) were recorded in plants treated with multiple biostimulants of AM fungi + PGPR treatment. Maximum height, biomass and marketable yield were observed in AM fungi + PGPR treated plants and minimum in control (100% RRF). A correlational statistics between lycopene, β-carotene, AA with fruit and shoot K (P

scholarly journals The effect of root pruning on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in grapevine rootstocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Holland ◽  
Pat Bowen ◽  
Vasilis Kokkoris ◽  
Andrew Richards ◽  
Daniel Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Field Transplant

Abstract Background Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide benefits to plants, especially under stressful growing conditions. These symbiotic fungi can be applied as biofertilizers prior to transplant in order to increase establishment success in the field. Roots are often trimmed at the time of transplant to reduce the probability of J-rooting, the upward orientation of roots within a planting hole which can lead to root death and disease. The effect of root trimming on the mycorrhizal symbiosis is unknown. It is possible that trimming may remove the active mycelium, nullifying the effect of inoculation. We conducted a greenhouse study to test the effect of root trimming on the mycorrhizal symbiosis in grapevine. Results The mycorrhizal symbiosis persisted after root trimming. Trimming reduced the abundance of AM fungi in older roots. The fungi were able to recolonize the new roots in trimmed vines, and these roots had more arbuscules compared to older roots, which had mostly vesicles. Trimmed vines had lower shoot, but not root, biomass. Conclusions The mycorrhizal symbiosis persisted in the roots, despite trimming, likely due to fungal structures in older, untrimmed roots serving as propagules. We conclude that inoculation with AM fungi prior to field transplant is robust to root trimming, at least for the isolate examined in this study.

scholarly journals Genotypic variation in the response of chickpea to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navid Bazghaleh ◽  
Chantal Hamel ◽  
Yantai Gan ◽  
Bunyamin Tar’an ◽  
Joan Diane Knight
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Soil Ecosystem Services ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chickpea Cultivars

Plant roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other fungal endophytes that can impact plant growth and health. The impact of microbial interactions in roots may depend on the genetic properties of the host plant and its interactions with root-associated fungi. We conducted a controlled condition experiment to investigate the effect of several chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes on the efficiency of the symbiosis with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Whereas the AM symbiosis increased the biomass of most of the chickpea cultivars, inoculation with non-AM fungal endophytes had a neutral effect. The chickpea cultivars responded differently to co-inoculation with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Co-inoculation had additive effects on the biomass of some cultivars (CDC Corrine, CDC Anna, and CDC Cory), but non-AM fungal endophytes reduced the positive effect of AM fungi on Amit and CDC Vanguard. This study demonstrated that the response of plant genotypes to an AM symbiosis can be modified by the simultaneous colonization of the roots by non-AM fungal endophytes. Intraspecific variations in the response of chickpea to AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes indicate that the selection of suitable genotypes may improve the ability of crop plants to take advantage of soil ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Tracking of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Effects on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plant Growth, Pigments, Mineral Content and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Reda E. Abdelhameed ◽  
Nagwa I. Abu-Elsaad ◽  
Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef ◽  
Rabab A. Metwally
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Nanocrystalline Structure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
The Impact

Important gaps in knowledge remain regarding the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) for plants, particularly the existence of helpful microorganisms, for instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in the soil. Hence, more profound studies are required to distinguish the impact of NPs on plant growth inoculated with AM fungi and their role in NP uptake to develop smart nanotechnology implementations in crop improvement. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) NPs are prepared via the citrate technique and defined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as transmission electron microscopy for several physical properties. The analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed the creation of a nanocrystalline structure with a crystallite size equal to 25.4 nm. The effects of ZnFe2O4 NP on AM fungi, growth and pigment content as well as nutrient uptake of pea (Pisum sativum) plants were assessed. ZnFe2O4 NP application caused a slight decrease in root colonization. However, its application showed an augmentation of 74.36% and 91.89% in AM pea plant shoots and roots’ fresh weights, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the synthesized ZnFe2O4 NP uptake by plant roots and their contents were enhanced by AM fungi. These findings suggest the safe use of ZnFe2O4 NPs in nano-agricultural applications for plant development with AM fungi.

scholarly journals Use of the Signature Fatty Acid 16:1ω5 as a Tool to Determine the Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ngosong ◽  
Elke Gabriel ◽  
Liliane Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Root Symbionts

Biomass estimation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, widespread plant root symbionts, commonly employs lipid biomarkers, predominantly the fatty acid 16:1ω5. We briefly reviewed the application of this signature fatty acid, followed by a case study comparing biochemical markers with microscopic techniques in an arable soil following a change to AM non-host plants after 27 years of continuous host crops, that is, two successive cropping seasons with wheat followed by amaranth. After switching to the non-host amaranth, spore biomass estimated by the neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) 16:1ω5 decreased to almost nil, whereas microscopic spore counts decreased by about 50% only. In contrast, AM hyphal biomass assessed by the phospholipid (PLFA) 16:1ω5 was greater under amaranth than wheat. The application of PLFA 16:1ω5 as biomarker was hampered by background level derived from bacteria, and further enhanced by its incorporation from degrading spores used as microbial resource. Meanwhile, biochemical and morphological assessments showed negative correlation for spores and none for hyphal biomass. In conclusion, the NLFA 16:1ω5 appears to be a feasible indicator for AM fungi of the Glomales group in the complex field soils, whereas the use of PLFA 16:1ω5 for hyphae is unsuitable and should be restricted to controlled laboratory studies.

Fungi Associated with Garlic During the Cropping Season, with Focus on Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Mondani ◽  
Giorgio Chiusa ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Fusarium Proliferatum ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Dry Rot ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium proliferatum has been reported as the main causal agent of garlic dry rot during the postharvest stage, but information on this fungus during the crop growth stage is lacking. We focused on the cropping season of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in the field, until its harvest, with the aim of clarifying the role of F. proliferatum in bulb infection as well as the impact of crop growing conditions on pathogen-plant interaction. Studies were conducted in Piacenza (northern Italy) for three seasons from 2016 to 2019. Six garlic farms were sampled. A different field was sampled every year. Soil samples were recovered at sowing time for the counting of fungal colony forming units (CFU). Plant samples were collected at three growth stages, from BBCH 15 (fifth leaf visible) to BBCH 49 (ripening), for which disease severity assessment and fungi isolations were performed. Fusarium was the most frequently isolated genus, of which F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum were the dominant species. F. proliferatum registered the highest incidence in all the farms tested, but F. oxysporum was dominant in the first year of the study. F. oxysporum incidence was correlated with dry weather, whereas F. proliferatum was correlated with rainy weather. In conclusion, our result confirms the association of F. proliferatum with garlic bulbs from the crop’s early growth stages, suggesting potential seed transmission as a source of this fungal pathogen. Further studies should investigate the link between fusaria occurrence in the field and dry rot outbreaks occurring postharvest and during storage of garlic.

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