scholarly journals SLOW VIRAL INFECTIONS OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN GREECE

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nektarios Giadinis ◽  
Aikaterini Chaintarli ◽  
Jovan Bojkovski
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Clinicopathological Findings ◽  
Nasal Tumor ◽  
Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽  
And Control

The slow viral infections are from the most important problems of sheep and goatproduction in Greece. Diseases as enzootic nasal tumor, Maedi-Visna, caprinearthritis-encephalitis, pulmonary adenomatosis and Scrapie can cause significantlosses in sheep and goat flocks. They can be transmitted during grazing or with animalsales. Here are described the clinicopathological findings of the aforementioneddiseases, as well as their diagnosis and control.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

Targeting unfolded protein response: a new horizon for disease control

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Khanna ◽  
Nishtha Agrawal ◽  
Ramesh Chandra ◽  
Gagan Dhawan
Keyword(s):  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Diseased State ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
And Control ◽  
Er Homeostasis ◽  
Signalling Cascade

Abstract Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Liver Fibrosis by microRNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8139
Author(s):  
Tomoko Tadokoro ◽  
Asahiro Morishita ◽  
Tsutomu Masaki
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Medical Need ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Complications Of Cirrhosis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Functional Rnas ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment and control of hepatitis B and C viral infections. However, fundamental treatments for diseases in which liver fibrosis is a key factor, such as cirrhosis, alcoholic/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, are still under development and remain an unmet medical need. To solve this problem, it is essential to elucidate the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in detail from a molecular and cellular perspective and to develop targeted therapeutic agents based on this information. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), functional RNAs of 22 nucleotides, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In addition, extracellular vesicles called “exosomes” have been attracting attention, and research is being conducted to establish noninvasive and extremely sensitive biomarkers using miRNAs in exosomes. In this review, we summarize miRNAs directly involved in liver fibrosis, miRNAs associated with diseases leading to liver fibrosis, and miRNAs related to complications of cirrhosis. We will also discuss the efficacy of each miRNA as a biomarker of liver fibrosis and pathology, and its potential application as a therapeutic agent.

Preventive efficacy of Grippol® plus in children aged 8 to 14 years residing in Almaty (Republic of Kazakhstan)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
L.T. Yeraliyeva ◽  
◽  
Zh.N. Suleymenova ◽  
M.A. Smagul ◽  
M.K. Smagulova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Preventive Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy Index ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Objective. To evaluate preventive efficacy and reactogenicity of Grippol® plus vaccine in children aged 8 to 14 years residing in Almaty (Republic of Kazakhstan). Patients and methods. This open-label prospective study was conducted between October 2019 and April 2020 and included 600 children aged 8 to 14 years (mean age 10.6 ± 4.9 years) studying in two schools of Almaty. Study participants were divided into two groups (300 children in each): experimental group, in which children were vaccinated with Grippol® plus (Petrovax Pharm, Russia) in accordance with all rules and control group. Patients in both groups were matched for gender; children of the Mongoloid race prevailed in the experimental group. Parents (or official representatives) of all participants signed an informed consent before the enrollment. The efficacy of vaccination was evaluated by active monitoring (telephone contacts with parents) and assessment of the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs) during the next 6 months. We calculated the efficacy index and efficacy coefficient. Data analysis was performed using the Statistica 6.0 software; differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. Follow-up of study participants during 6 months after vaccination demonstrated significant differences in the incidence of ARVIs and influenza between the two groups: 7 cases among vaccinated children (2,3%) vs 21 cases among controls (7%) (p < 0.05). One child from the control group had two episodes of ARVI. Mean duration of influenza and ARVIs in the experimental group was 1.8 times lower than that in the control group. The efficacy index and efficacy coefficient, calculated with the consideration of influenza diagnosis confirmation by polymerase chain reaction, were 3% and 66.7%, respectively. Local and systemic reactions to vaccination were observed in 3 children, were transient, and disappeared after 2–3 days. Conclusion. The trivalent inactivated polymer-subunit vaccine Grippol® plus was safe and effective in children aged between 8 and 14 years. Key words: vaccine, influenza, children, incidence, acute respiratory viral infections, efficacy

scholarly journals The Roles of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Avian Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linyi Zhou ◽  
Shijun J. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Chicken Infectious Anemia ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Avian Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressive Diseases ◽  
And Control

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that play important roles in the regulation of various biological processes including cell development and differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, immunoregulation and viral infections. Avian immunosuppressive diseases refer to those avian diseases caused by pathogens that target and damage the immune organs or cells of the host, increasing susceptibility to other microbial infections and the risk of failure in subsequent vaccination against other diseases. As such, once a disease with an immunosuppressive feature occurs in flocks, it would be difficult for the stakeholders to have an optimal economic income. Infectious bursal disease (IBD), avian leukemia (AL), Marek’s disease (MD), chicken infectious anemia (CIA), reticuloendotheliosis (RE) and avian reovirus infection are on the top list of commonly-seen avian diseases with a feature of immunosuppression, posing an unmeasurable threat to the poultry industry across the globe. Understanding the pathogenesis of avian immunosuppressive disease is the basis for disease prevention and control. miRNAs have been shown to be involved in host response to pathogenic infections in chickens, including regulation of immunity, tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and viral replication. Here we summarize current knowledge on the roles of miRNAs in avian response to viral infection and pathogenesis of avian immunosuppressive diseases, in particular, MD, AL, IBD and RE.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Pneumonia in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Elfora Bishoftu Export Abattoir, Ethiopia: A Pathological Investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanu Mekibib ◽  
Tadesse Mikir ◽  
Amene Fekadu ◽  
Rahmeto Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Ancillary Test ◽  
Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽  
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

Accurate clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, the leading cause of mortality in small ruminants, is difficult and usually requires postmortem examination of the lungs. An active abattoir survey was conducted between November 2017 and April 2018 to estimate the prevalence and characterize the gross and histopathological lesions of pneumonic lungs in 864 clinically healthy young small ruminants (490 sheep and 374 goats aged 1.5 to 3 years) raised for meat in different parts of the country and slaughtered at Elfora Bishoftu export abattoir, Ethiopia. Out of the total lungs examined grossly, pneumonic lesions were found in 158 (18.29%) lungs. On histopathological examination of the lungs with gross pneumonic lesion, however, typical pneumonic lesions were diagnosed in 148 (17.13%) lungs only. No significant (p>0.05) difference was noted in the prevalence of pneumonia between sheep (17.14%) and goats (17.11%) in histopathological examination. Based on the predominant histopathological findings, the pneumonic lesions were characterized as interstitial pneumonia (41.9%), acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.7%), acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (24.3%), chronic bronchopneumonia (6.1%), aspiration pneumonia (4.7%), bronchointerstitial pneumonia (3.4%), and ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (3.4%). The study further showed the spread of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis and ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi) from the central highlands to areas that were previously free from these diseases. Due to its better diagnostic capacity, histopathology should be employed routinely as an ancillary test in the major abattoirs and regional veterinary laboratories to generate additional epidemiological data for a better disease control and prevention measures. Further studies are also recommended to identify the etiological agents of pneumonia in sheep and goats and thereby to formulate feasible and cost-effective interventions.

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