scholarly journals Ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus on the early XIX century (based on the document from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey Hattı Hümayün 1103/4569-R

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Anri Robertovich Chediya
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The subject of this article is the policy and ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus as a whole, and Abkhazia in particular, implemented due to expansion of military and economic presence of the Russian Empire in Caucasus in the early XIX century. Such methods include bringing local population (mostly representative of aristocracy – princes and noblemen) to the side of the Ottoman Empire for returning their dominance in the countries and cities (fortresses), considered by the Sublime Porte as the territories of their authority, and unlawfully annexed by the Russian Empire (namely the Principality of Abkhazia). This resulted in clash of interest of both superpowers that unfolded in Abkhazia and neighboring Circassia in the early XIX century. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unpublished sources from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey, as well as the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, which shed light on the methods of Ottoman control over the territories of Western Caucasus (Principality of Abkhazia, Circassia), as well as on the complicated questions regarding the clash of interests of the Russian and Ottoman empires in the region. The relevance of this work is substantiated by usage of both, Russian and Ottoman unpublished archival materials for describing the Ottoman ruling techniques in the region.

scholarly journals Quantitative Account of the Non-Slavic Population of the South of Russia in the Second Half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Irina V. Lidzieva ◽  
Ekaterina N. Badmaeva
Keyword(s):  
National Archive ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Russian state continued, in relation to the non-Slavic population of its southern periphery in the XIX century, to pursue its integrative policy, the intensity of which was largely due to the geopolitical arrangement of forces in the region, as well as to the degree of stability of the local management system and the stance of the local elite. One of the important indicators of the integration of the territory into the imperial space was possessing information about the size of its population by the imperial administration. The purpose of the study is to identify, on the basis of analyzing the documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region, the State Archive of the Stavropol Territory and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as the achievements of other researchers, the methods of accounting for the number of nomadic peoples, using the example of Kalmyks, Turkmens and Nogais. The study revealed that three main stages can be distinguished in the policy of accounting for the nomadic population of the southern outskirts of the Russian Empire, the main feature of each of which is the way of collecting information: that is, statistical, metric, and demographic. The first method is related to the formation of a reporting institute of foreign directorates. The second method which was the metrics, left to the clergy, was not considered the systematic and reliable data. Conducting censuses of the population (family lists, countermarks) testified to the establishment of demographic accounts in nomadic societies of the southern periphery of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals APPEAL OF THE NOGAI SOCIETY OF THE KIZLYAR REGION TO THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL P.S. POTEMKIN (1786): PUBLICATION OF THE SOURCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Yavus Zayndievich AKHMADOV ◽  
Daniyal Saydakhmedovich KIDIRNIYAZOV
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Archival Document ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article presents an archival document dated to 1786 from the “Kizlyar commandant” Fund of the Central state archive of the Republic of Daghestan, which reveals simultaneously several aspects of the state of Nogai society of the Kizlyar region (more broadly - the Tersko-Kum interfluve) in the conditions of the Caucasian frontier of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL POLICY (THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
TATYANA G. NEDZELYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Roman Catholics

The article studies the peculiarities of the state and confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries in relation to Roman Catholics. The materials that served as the basis for the study are stored both in the Russian State Historical Archive and in the archives of Siberian cities: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but in Tomsk they are in the best state of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but they are in the Tomsk State Archive in the best degree of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. The study revealed that the initiative to create the first Catholic parishes in Siberia belonged to the government and was dictated by the desire to remove the clergy of the Jesuit оrder from the capital...

scholarly journals THE GERMANS IN RUSSIA IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Галина Алексеевна Кокорина ◽  
Анна Валерьевна Белова
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
German Population ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

В статье анализируется историческое пребывание немцев на территории Российской империи XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. Рассматривается правовой статус немецких переселенцев в XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. На основе законодательных актов просматриваются тенденции в период каждого царствования, а также общая тенденция на протяжении исследуемого периода. Проанализированы историографические работы, связанные с нахождением немцев на территории России. Исследуются экономические, политические и культурные связи немцев и российского государства. Рассматривается конфессиональная политика российского государства в отношении немецкого населения. Каждый правитель старался включать иностранцев (немцев) в российское общество. В период с XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. не сформировался особый правовой или экономический статус немцев в Российской империи. The article analyzes the historical stay of the Germans on the territory of the Russian Empire in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The legal status of German immigrants in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century is considered. On the basis of legislative acts, the trends in the period of each reign are viewed, as well as the general trend during the period under study. The historiographical works related to the presence of the Germans on the territory of Russia are analyzed. The economic, political and cultural relations of the Germans and the Russian state are investigated. The article considers the confessional policy of the Russian state in relation to the German population. Each ruler tried to include foreigners (Germans) in Russian society. In the period from the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The special legal or economic status of the Germans in the Russian Empire was not formed.

scholarly journals The Experience of the Constitutional Development in the Russian Empire on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
Valentina V. Naumkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article considers the state policy in the field of constitutional legislation in the XIX century on certain territories of the Russian state. The expansion of the state’s territory led to the presence of a heterogeneous population in terms of socio-economic development, religious beliefs, and lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to highlight the features of constitutional development in Poland and Finland. The state policy was aimed at the gradual integration of Poland and Finland into national processes. In fact, the Russian Empire recognized the effect of existing norms. The existence of regional constitutions and its own system of government contributed to the development of autonomous territories. The privileges of the population of the new territories relieved political tension. Constitutional norms of regional acts and management experience were used in carrying out state reforms.

THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY -THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE COLONIES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY(on the example of the Central Asian region )

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Zarnigor Z. Qodirova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article provides information on the organization of Russian-system schools by the Russian Empire, the implementation of several works aimed at ensuring the literacy of spiritual and educational, religious and secular knowledge of the local population, women and girls, as well as the creation of an educational system aimed at russifying the local population and broadening Russian culture in the region. From the very beginning of the Soviet regime, it was shown that the main attention was paid to the issue of education of Muslim women and girls.Index Terms:primary education, otinoi, Russian-native schools, gymnasium, Muslim society, S. Yenikeeva, democracy, enlightenment, new methodological schools

Career Strategies of Russian Diplomats in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century (the Cases of I.M. Simolin and P.A. Levashev)

2021 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Maria Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Personal Service ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Career Strategies ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the careers of the famous eighteenth-century Russian diplomats Ivan Matveevich Simolin and Pavel Artemyevich Levashev, whose paths repeatedly crossed – in Copenhagen, Vienna, and Regensburg, creating tension between them. Analysing the correspondence of diplomats preserved in the Archives of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, the author concludes that they acted in the same way to get a promotion: they constantly reminded of themselves to the superiors in the College of Foreign Affairs A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, M.I. Vorontsov, N.I. Panin, and A.M. Golitsyn, devoting their literary works to them, helping purchase pieces of art or luxury goods, and keeping a keen eye on their real and potential rivals. Their lack of moderation in the implementation of such a strategy, blatant attempts to show off or to compromise colleagues were discouraged by the leadership of the Russian foreign office. There were also objective factors that hindered the career advancement of the two diplomats, which they were not always ready to take into account: the lack of vacant posts, the successful activities of their rivals, as well as conflicts with foreign courts, that, under certain circumstances, did not allow Russian monarchs to make necessary replacements for reasons of state prestige. The cases of I.M. Simolin and P.A. Levashev show how the principle of personal service, fixed by Peter I in the Table of Ranks of 1722, worked in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and how it regulated its personnel policy.

scholarly journals CENSORSHIP AS AN ELEMENT OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL POLICY TO CONTROL THE MUSLIM COMMUNITIES OF SIBERIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
PETR K. DASHKOVSKIY ◽  
◽  
ELENA A. SHERSHNEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
First World

The article analyzes the role of censorship in the Russian Empire as a tool for controlling the printed publications of the Muslims of Siberia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The source base of the study was archival materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Altai Territory and the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and, as well as regulatory legal acts regulating the process of publishing printed materials in the Russian Empire. Based on the sources under consideration, it is concluded that at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, the number of Muslim printed publications in the territory of the Russian Empire increased. The Muslim population of the country is beginning to worry about issues related to the life of the Russian Ummah in the regions, as well as the participation of Muslims in the political life of the country. The activity of Muslims in the field of publishing, as well as events in the country at the beginning of the 20th century (the First Russian Revolution, the First World War) led to increased state censorship of printed materials...

scholarly journals THE FORTRESS OF THE HOLY CROSS: SUPPLY SYSTEM IN 1724–1735 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)*

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
M.-P. B. Abdusalamov ◽  
N. D. Chekulayev
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Supply System ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Logistic Support ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The article features the problem of supply of the garrison of the Fortress of the Holy Cross on the basis of materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. As a result of the Caspian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723), the Seaside Dagestan, including the Kumyk regions (the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the Zasulak Kumyk lands) entered the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire. To protect the new territories, a system of military fortifications was built. The Fortress of the Holy Cross was founded by Peter the Great in September, 1722, in the estuary of the Sulak River. It gradually became one of the economic, administrative, and political centers of the Caucasus.The main information source on the matter remains the archive of the garrison headquartered in the Fortress of the Holy Cross. It includes numerous warrants, official reports, and other military documentation. The authors use the data to draw a complete picture of the military supply system invented by Peter the Great. The system provided both combat troops and regular garrisons with everything they needed to protect the borders of the Russian Empire. In fact, the system was based on logistic support (intendance) of imperial troops in peace and war time with ammunition, arms, food, medicines, finance, fuel, etc. The last-in first-out system of supply made it possible to reserve food and fodder in the country in advance and systematically bring them to the combat troops. 

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