scholarly journals THE GERMANS IN RUSSIA IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Галина Алексеевна Кокорина ◽  
Анна Валерьевна Белова
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
German Population ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

В статье анализируется историческое пребывание немцев на территории Российской империи XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. Рассматривается правовой статус немецких переселенцев в XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. На основе законодательных актов просматриваются тенденции в период каждого царствования, а также общая тенденция на протяжении исследуемого периода. Проанализированы историографические работы, связанные с нахождением немцев на территории России. Исследуются экономические, политические и культурные связи немцев и российского государства. Рассматривается конфессиональная политика российского государства в отношении немецкого населения. Каждый правитель старался включать иностранцев (немцев) в российское общество. В период с XVIII - первой четверти XIX в. не сформировался особый правовой или экономический статус немцев в Российской империи. The article analyzes the historical stay of the Germans on the territory of the Russian Empire in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The legal status of German immigrants in the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century is considered. On the basis of legislative acts, the trends in the period of each reign are viewed, as well as the general trend during the period under study. The historiographical works related to the presence of the Germans on the territory of Russia are analyzed. The economic, political and cultural relations of the Germans and the Russian state are investigated. The article considers the confessional policy of the Russian state in relation to the German population. Each ruler tried to include foreigners (Germans) in Russian society. In the period from the XVIII - first quarter of the XIX century. The special legal or economic status of the Germans in the Russian Empire was not formed.

scholarly journals Legal nihilism in resolving family conflicts of nobles and peasants of Russian Empire in the first third of XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
S. P. Volf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article highlights the ways of resolving family conflicts nobles and peasants in the first third of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, against the background of the ongoing systematization of legislation. Based on examination of the letters and memoirs of the nobles and peasants we highlighted the methods, which are actually used to solve family conflicts. I conclude that nobles and peasants rarely used help of the state in resolving family conflicts. The sphere of family relations was sacred for these estates; therefore, they did not rope the authorities into family conflicts. I have identified the following ways to resolve family conflicts: duel; marriage, often in the form of a secret wedding; going to the monastery and punishing the unfaithful wife; different approaches to raising children by peasants and nobles. The author of the article pays attention to passivity of the peasants in resolving their family conflicts. The results of the study allow exploring the alternative ways of resolving family conflicts based on representatives of other classes of Russian society in the first third of the 19th century (clergy, merchants, philistines, foreigners) as well, using wider range of sources (journalism, normative acts, fiction, paperwork). This analysis contributes to the discussion about the limits of the government intervention into family affairs. The author of the article redlines that people did not trust the law and resorted to the personally legitimate sources of dealing with family conflicts. This conclusion presents a new perspective in the discussion of legal nihilism and real application of the law in life

scholarly journals The “Edelevsky” list of the “protective memory” of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich to the Mordovian Princes and Murzes in 1572

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. The article considers the publication of a unique source for the history of the Mordovian people, the “protective memory” dated by 1572 addressed to the princes and Murzes of Mordovia. The “protective memory” is considered in comparison with the “romadanovsky” list belonging to the descendants of the Mordovian prince Romadan, seeking the return of the nobility, the non-criminal record of the Temnik-Kadom Mordva, published in the XVIII century, similar to the records of Tatar Sovereigns to the Temnik-Kadom Mordva. Materials and methods. The author focused on studying the content of the source, revealing the identities of the recipients, analyzing the composition of the princes and Murz of Mordovian records, spelling of the names, origin, and family ties. The genealogy of the princes Edelevs is being reconstructed, the history of their kind is described together with the history of Mordovian Murzas and their representatives in the context of social and historical ties. Results and discussion. The article describes the social situation of Princes Edelevs, the features of land ownership, land use, property and ownership of serfs. The article discusses the history of the discovery and use of the source in the clerical work of the aristocratic deputies’ assemblies and the Governing Senate at the request of the descendants of Mordovian princes and Muzes from the Edelev family to restore the rights of the noble state. It poses the problem of studying the social stratification in Mordovian society, the typology and origin of the Mordovian aristocracy, the peculiarities of the titling and inheritance of power, its role in the historical and social development of the Mordovian people, as well as its legal status in the Russian Empire. It compares the situation of the Temnikov-Kadom Mordovian Tarkhans, Cossacks, White Field and Alatyr princes and Mordovian Murzes, serving Mordovians and Tatars. Conclusion. “Protective memory” indicates that in the XVI century there was a national Mordovian aristocracy, collaborating with Moscow and being in the service of Great Sovereigns, and subsequently becoming part of the nobility and other classes of Russian society. The choice of Mordovian princes ensured the relatively peaceful entry of Mordovian lands into the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Social-political activity of O. Bobrinsky in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

10.33287/1196 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
І. С. Карпань ◽  
Н. С. Чернікова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article deals with problems of the noble class in post-reform period in Russia (70–90-ies XIXth cent.) through A. Bobrinsky’s activity as the Leader of the St. Petersburg nobility. The study analyzed his activities towards the Nobility consolidation and involvement their representatives into development of Russian state policy. A. Bobrinsky belonged to the family of large landowners and successful sugar-growers of the Russian Empire. It greatly influenced to the formation of his political worldview and contributed to the growth of the young Count’s authority among the Nobility and Gentry. In the last quarter of the XIXth cent. A. Bobrinsky defended the dominant position of the Nobility as the provincial Governor (the Leader) of the St. Petersburg nobility. A. Bobrinsky’s main efforts were aimed to the consolidation of the Gentry to defend their own rights and privileges and their involvement to the Russian state authorities. He promoted the idea of founding a representative institution – the Duma or Zemsky Sobor – in Russian Empire. However, the purpose of its creation he was seen in the count in the redistribution of executive, judicial and punitive powers between government representatives and elected people from the Nobility. He was convinced that only the Gentry was worthy to represent the interests of Russian society in the state authorities. During this period, the young Bobrinsky attempted to unite the St. Petersburg nobility into the organization of «Svyataya Druzhyna». It was a semi-secret organization which established to protect of the Russian Tsar from possible terrorist acts. The purpose of the organization was rather limited and local, so it disintegrated soon. However, it contributed to the growth of A. Bobrysky’s authority as a loyal to the Tsar and autocracy personality. It had a great importance in the conditions of the economic and political crisis of the noble class. In the 90’s of the XIX cent. A. Bobrinsky took an active part in nobility meetings devoted to problems of the privileged class. Here he defended an idea of preserving the privileges and dominant position of the estate Nobility. He opposed the provision of political rights and state support to the estateless nobles-homeowners and representatives of the bourgeoisie. A. Bobrinsky didn’t reject an idea to create conditions for the nobility replenishment by the new social classes, but he saw it possibility only in the distant future. However, even government support didn’t contribute to consolidation processes and politicization among the nobility class. A. Bobrinsky with sadness stated that the meetings of the noble leaders continued to be only like private talks about preserving the nobility former positions in the social structure. So he had to change strategy and initiated the founding in 1906 a new organization – the United Nobility. During the next decade its existence largely predetermined the main directions of Russian government policy and as a whole.

scholarly journals Ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus on the early XIX century (based on the document from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey Hattı Hümayün 1103/4569-R

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Anri Robertovich Chediya
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

The subject of this article is the policy and ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus as a whole, and Abkhazia in particular, implemented due to expansion of military and economic presence of the Russian Empire in Caucasus in the early XIX century. Such methods include bringing local population (mostly representative of aristocracy – princes and noblemen) to the side of the Ottoman Empire for returning their dominance in the countries and cities (fortresses), considered by the Sublime Porte as the territories of their authority, and unlawfully annexed by the Russian Empire (namely the Principality of Abkhazia). This resulted in clash of interest of both superpowers that unfolded in Abkhazia and neighboring Circassia in the early XIX century. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unpublished sources from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey, as well as the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, which shed light on the methods of Ottoman control over the territories of Western Caucasus (Principality of Abkhazia, Circassia), as well as on the complicated questions regarding the clash of interests of the Russian and Ottoman empires in the region. The relevance of this work is substantiated by usage of both, Russian and Ottoman unpublished archival materials for describing the Ottoman ruling techniques in the region.

scholarly journals The legal status of the Jewish population in Russia: a political and analytical review (the late 18th – early 20th centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Olga V. Rozina ◽  
Tatyana I. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Information Warfare ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The Russian Empire

The problem of mythologising the history of Russia in the context of the thesis “prison of the peoples” remains topical in the context of the modern information warfare of civilisational opponents. An attempt to implant in the public consciousness a myth about the exclusively discriminatory nature of the imperial nationality policy, in particular, on the Jewish question, prevents from objective examination of the ongoing processes. The article analyses the main tendencies of the state policy towards Jewish subjects of the Russian Empire during the reign of four emperors – Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Nicholas II. The work used various sources, materials and research. The article provides a general overview of historiography on the problem, and also examines the creation of the Pale of Settlement, measures in the field of restricting the civil rights of the Jewish population and education. The authors come to the conclusion that the policy of the Russian Empire in the Jewish question was not anti-Semitic, although it was ambiguous and, at times, contradictory. At the same time, restrictive measures did not apply to the religious and ritual-cult side of the life of the Jews. The historical and factual basis of the publication helps to understand the building of civilised relations in the environment of Russian society, which is represented by different cultures and religions.

LEGAL STATUS OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
NIKOLAI PRIDVOROV ◽  
◽  
NELLI IVANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Illegitimate Children ◽  
The Russian Empire

The purpose of this article is a historical and legal analysis of the legal status of illegitimate children in the Russian Empire. The article analyzes the concept of "illegitimate" and traces its consolidation in the Russian legislation. The normative legal acts defining the legal status of illegitimate children are studied. The main features of the legal status of illegitimate children in the Russian Empire are shown. It is concluded that the ban on legalizing illegitimate children, dictated not only by the need to protect the class organization of society, but also by the need to strengthen moral principles in society, contributed to the emergence of phenomena in Russian society that are directly opposite to morality and the law. It is noted that some changes aimed at the possibility of legalizing unborn children, as well as improving their situation by the beginning of the XX century were due to the democratization and humanization of legislation under the influence of socio-political struggle, the activity of mass movements, educational activities. The methodological basis of the work consists of dialectical-materialistic, historical, formal-legal, concrete-sociological methods.

scholarly journals The Experience of the Constitutional Development in the Russian Empire on the Territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 64-66
Author(s):  
Valentina V. Naumkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article considers the state policy in the field of constitutional legislation in the XIX century on certain territories of the Russian state. The expansion of the state’s territory led to the presence of a heterogeneous population in terms of socio-economic development, religious beliefs, and lifestyle. The purpose of this article is to highlight the features of constitutional development in Poland and Finland. The state policy was aimed at the gradual integration of Poland and Finland into national processes. In fact, the Russian Empire recognized the effect of existing norms. The existence of regional constitutions and its own system of government contributed to the development of autonomous territories. The privileges of the population of the new territories relieved political tension. Constitutional norms of regional acts and management experience were used in carrying out state reforms.

scholarly journals LEGISLATION CONCERNING FOREIGNERS IN THE RUSSIAN EM-PIRE IN XVIIIth - FIRST QUARTER OF THE XIXth CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Галина Алексеевна Кокорина
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Catholic Priests ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

Рассматривается положение иностранцев, находящихся на территории Российской империи. Проанализированы законодательные акты, связанные с приездом и условиями проживания иностранных подданных. Появившиеся, еще при Петре I, права и привилегии для иностранных специалистов, в дальнейшем, позволили им стать привилегированной ячейкой российского общества. Продолжательницей Петра I в деле развития правового положения иностранцев стала императрица Екатерина II. Рассмотрена политика веротерпимости, проводимая монархами, которая сочеталась и с тенденцией ограничения влияния католических священников на православное население. К концу XVIII в. в законодательстве сложились общие правила для иностранцев в отношении въезда, выезда, юрисдикции, владения имуществом и отправления религии. The position of foreigners in the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. Legislative acts related to the arrival and living conditions of foreign nationals are analyzed. The rights and privileges for foreign specialists, which appeared under Peter I, allowed them to become a privileged cell of Russian society. The successor of Peter I in the development of the legal status of foreigners was the Empress Catherine II. The article considers the policy of religious tolerance pursued by monarchs, which was combined with the tendency to limit the influence of Catholic priests on the Orthodox population. By the end of the eighteenth century, legislation had established General rules for foreigners with regard to entry, exit, jurisdiction, possession of property and the exercise of religion.

scholarly journals The role of M. M. Vinaver in political communities of the first-wave emigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-157
Author(s):  
Ksenia Aleksandrovna Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article analyzes the activity of the politician, former deputy of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire from the Cadet Party – M. M. Vinaver (1862 – 1926) during the period of emigration. Leaning on the materials from the personal archive of Maxim Vinaver stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, memoir of his contemporaries, as well as the achievements of modern historiography on the topic, the author explores the role of M. M. Vinaver in the work of such political anti-Bolshevist liberal organizations of the first-wave emigrants as the Crimean Regional Government, Russian Society of the League of Peoples, Russian Democratic Association, as well as private-held sessions of the former members of the Constituent Assembly. The scientific novelty of this research consists in gaining historical experience of the formation and evolution of anti-Bolshevist liberal political projects and acquiring historical knowledge on the emigrated political elite of the Russian Empire during the transition historical period. The research result lies in tracing the evolution of views of the politician on the methods, strategies and form of struggle against the Bolsheviks; as well as in the analysis of his projects on reconstruction of the Russian State based on the legal principles of civil society, as well as some of his psychological characteristics. The author indicates the active participation and crucial role of Maxim Vinaver in life of the white émigré overall and its political liberal organizations in particular.

scholarly journals The policy of imperial acculturation of the northern Kazakh steppes population (mid XVIII-XIX centuries): phenomenon of the Orenburg Kyrgyz school

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
Anton Vladislavovich Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Kazakh Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

This paper covers the main issues of the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries in relation to the northern Kazakh steppes population. Examples of peaceful interaction of Russian settlers with the local Kazakh population are considered through the prism of cultural and educational influence, which was expressed at the basis of a number of educational institutions for the foreigners of the northern Kazakh steppes. The significance of the educational and cultural integration of the local population into the Russian society is revealed. The main aspects of the educational policy of the Russian Empire are investigated on the factual material of Russian-foreign schools. The problems of acculturation of the local population and ways to solve them in the works of contemporaries and direct participants in these events are given. Archival materials telling about the history of the educational institution - the Orenburg Kyrgyz School are introduced into scientific circulation. The work of the Orenburg Kyrgyz School is considered, which implied cultural and educational acculturation of the Kazakh population in the middle of the XIX century. The author also reveals the reasons for changing the educational and cultural orientations of the school at different periods of its existence, the results of its work and its role in the process of non-Russian peoples integration into the unified sociocultural space of the Russian Empire.

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