scholarly journals Who’s your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J Couch ◽  
Peter J Unmack ◽  
Fiona J Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Wild Populations ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Murray Cod ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because of translocations, restocking of organisms and habitat modifications (Allendorf et al., 2001) thus determining whether hybridization is beneficial or detrimental for the species involved is commensurately important for conservation. Restocking programs are sometimes criticized because of the genetic consequences of hatchery-bred fish breeding with wild populations. These concerns are important to conservation restocking programs, including Percichthyidae. Two of the better known Australian Percichthyidae are the Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii) and Trout Cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) which were formerly widespread over the Murray Darling Basin. In much of the Murrumbidgee River Trout Cod and Murray Cod were sympatric until the late 1970s when Trout Cod were extirpated. Here we use genetic SNP data to examine hybridization and introgression between Murray Cod and Trout Cod in the upper Murrumbidgee River and consider implications for restocking programs. For the first time we have confirmed restocked riverine Trout Cod as reproducing in the wild. We detected hybrid Trout Cod-Murray Cod in the Upper Murrumbidgee, recording the first hybrid larvae in the wild. Although hybrid larvae, juveniles and adults have been recorded in hatcheries and impoundments, and hybrid adults have been recorded in rivers previously (Douglas, Gooley & Ingram, 1994a; Douglas et al., 1995) , this is the first time fertile F1 have been recorded in the wild. The F1 backcrosses with Murray cod have also been found to be fertile. All backcrosses noted were with pure Murray Cod. Such introgression has not been recorded previously in these two species, and the imbalance in hybridization direction may have important implications for restocking programs.

scholarly journals Who’s your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J Couch ◽  
Peter J Unmack ◽  
Fiona J Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Wild Populations ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Murray Cod ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because of translocations, restocking of organisms and habitat modifications (Allendorf et al., 2001) thus determining whether hybridization is beneficial or detrimental for the species involved is commensurately important for conservation. Restocking programs are sometimes criticized because of the genetic consequences of hatchery-bred fish breeding with wild populations. These concerns are important to conservation restocking programs, including Percichthyidae. Two of the better known Australian Percichthyidae are the Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii) and Trout Cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) which were formerly widespread over the Murray Darling Basin. In much of the Murrumbidgee River Trout Cod and Murray Cod were sympatric until the late 1970s when Trout Cod were extirpated. Here we use genetic SNP data to examine hybridization and introgression between Murray Cod and Trout Cod in the upper Murrumbidgee River and consider implications for restocking programs. For the first time we have confirmed restocked riverine Trout Cod as reproducing in the wild. We detected hybrid Trout Cod-Murray Cod in the Upper Murrumbidgee, recording the first hybrid larvae in the wild. Although hybrid larvae, juveniles and adults have been recorded in hatcheries and impoundments, and hybrid adults have been recorded in rivers previously (Douglas, Gooley & Ingram, 1994a; Douglas et al., 1995) , this is the first time fertile F1 have been recorded in the wild. The F1 backcrosses with Murray cod have also been found to be fertile. All backcrosses noted were with pure Murray Cod. Such introgression has not been recorded previously in these two species, and the imbalance in hybridization direction may have important implications for restocking programs.

scholarly journals Who’s your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Couch ◽  
Peter J. Unmack ◽  
Fiona J. Dyer ◽  
Mark Lintermans
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences ◽  
Murray Cod ◽  
Australian Freshwater ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

Rates of hybridization and introgression are increasing dramatically worldwide because of translocations, restocking of organisms and habitat modifications; thus, determining whether hybridization is occuring after reintroducing extirpated congeneric species is commensurately important for conservation. Restocking programs are sometimes criticized because of the genetic consequences of hatchery-bred fish breeding with wild populations. These concerns are important to conservation restocking programs, including those from the Australian freshwater fish family, Percichthyidae. Two of the better known Australian Percichthyidae are the Murray Cod,Maccullochella peeliiand Trout Cod,Maccullochella macquariensiswhich were formerly widespread over the Murray Darling Basin. In much of the Murrumbidgee River, Trout Cod and Murray Cod were sympatric until the late 1970s when Trout Cod were extirpated. Here we use genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data together with mitochondrial sequences to examine hybridization and introgression between Murray Cod and Trout Cod in the upper Murrumbidgee River and consider implications for restocking programs. We have confirmed restocked riverine Trout Cod reproducing, but only as inter-specific matings, in the wild. We detected hybrid Trout Cod–Murray Cod in the Upper Murrumbidgee, recording the first hybrid larvae in the wild. Although hybrid larvae, juveniles and adults have been recorded in hatcheries and impoundments, and hybrid adults have been recorded in rivers previously, this is the first time fertile F1 have been recorded in a wild riverine population. The F1 backcrosses with Murray cod have also been found to be fertile. All backcrosses noted were with pure Murray Cod. Such introgression has not been recorded previously in these two species, and the imbalance in hybridization direction may have important implications for restocking programs.

scholarly journals Phenotypic plasticity of labile traits in the wild

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Brommer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Quantitative Genetic Parameters

Abstract Individual-based studies allow quantification of phenotypic plasticity in behavioural, life-history and other labile traits. The study of phenotypic plasticity in the wild can shed new light on the ultimate objectives (1) whether plasticity itself can evolve or is constrained by its genetic architecture, and (2) whether plasticity is associated to other traits, including fitness (selection). I describe the main statistical approach for how repeated records of individuals and a description of the environment (E) allow quantification of variation in plasticity across individuals (IxE) and genotypes (GxE) in wild populations. Based on a literature review of life-history and behavioural studies on plasticity in the wild, I discuss the present state of the two objectives listed above. Few studies have quantified GxE of labile traits in wild populations, and it is likely that power to detect statistically significant GxE is lacking. Apart from the issue of whether it is heritable, plasticity tends to correlate with average trait expression (not fully supported by the few genetic estimates available) and may thus be evolutionary constrained in this way. Individual-specific estimates of plasticity tend to be related to other traits of the individual (including fitness), but these analyses may be anti-conservative because they predominantly concern stats-on-stats. Despite the increased interest in plasticity in wild populations, the putative lack of power to detect GxE in such populations hinders achieving general insights. I discuss possible steps to invigorate the field by moving away from simply testing for presence of GxE to analyses that ‘scale up’ to population level processes and by the development of new behavioural theory to identify quantitative genetic parameters which can be estimated.

Enzootic Activity of Chlamydia in Farms Located in a Hotspot Area for Zoonosis Emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Andres Vanderhoeven ◽  
Jessica P. Mosmann ◽  
Adrián Díaz ◽  
Cecilia G. Cuffini
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

Abstract Chlamydias are obligated intracellular Gram-negative bacteria, considered important zoonotic pathogens, broadly present in several bird species and responsible for economic losses in animal production. We analyzed the presence of Chlamydial species with zoonotic risk in farm animals in a highly biodiverse area and with great human circulation, the Argentine, Brazil and Paraguay tri-border area. We surveyed nine farms in an area and nasally swabbed a total of 62 animals. DNA was extracted and specific PCR was performed to identify chlamydial species. We detected Chlamydia spp . in 6.5% (4/62) of the animals tested, positive samples belonged to cattle and none of them showed symptoms of respiratory disease nor had been diagnose with reproductive diseases. Specific nested PCR confirmed two samples belonged to C. pecorum and two to C. psittaci . We report for the first time Chlamydia circulation with zoonotic risk in the region. Surveys in birds and wild mammals could give a better understanding to know what Chlamydial species are circulating in the wild interface. The zoonotic potential should be taking into account as farm workers and the surrounding population could be silent carriers or have respiratory diseases being underdiagnosed, and therefore should be considered in the differential diagnoses.

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

scholarly journals Learning a non-neutral conditioned stimulus: place preference in the crab Neohelice granulata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Klappenbach ◽  
Candela Medina ◽  
Ramiro Freudenthal
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Neohelice Granulata ◽  
Preference Task ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn the wild, being able to recognize and remember specific locations related to food sources and the associated attributes of landmarks is a cognitive trait important for survival. In the present work we show that the crab Neohelice granulata can be trained to associate a specific environment with an appetitive reward in a conditioned place preference task. After a single training trial, when the crabs were presented with a food pellet in the target quadrant of the training arena, they were able to form a long-term memory related to the event. This memory was evident at least 24 h after training and was protein-synthesis dependent. Importantly, the target area of the arena proved to be a non-neutral environment, given that animals initially avoided the target quadrant. In the present work we introduce for the first time an associative one-trial memory paradigm including a conditioned stimulus with a clear valence performed in a crustacean.

scholarly journals Telomere heritability and parental age at conception effects in a wild avian population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Sparks ◽  
Lewis G. Spurgin ◽  
Marco van der Velde ◽  
Eleanor A. Fairfield ◽  
Jan Komdeur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Parental Age ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Seychelles Warbler ◽  
Heritability Estimates

Individual variation in telomere length is predictive of health and mortality risk across a range of species. However, the relative influence of environmental and genetic variation on individual telomere length in wild populations remains poorly understood. In previous studies, heritability of telomere length has primarily been calculated using parent-offspring regression, but shared environments can confound such estimates. Furthermore, associations with age and parental age at conception effects are typically not accounted for but can also bias heritability estimates. To control for these confounding variables, quantitative genetic ‘animal models’ can be used. However, the few studies on wild populations using this approach have been restricted by power. Here, we investigated the heritability of telomere length and parental age at conception effects in the Seychelles warbler using 2664 telomere length measures from 1318 birds over 20 years and a multi-generational pedigree. We found a weak negative within-paternal age at conception effect (as fathers aged, their offspring had shorter telomeres) and a weak positive between-maternal age at conception effect (females that survived to older ages had offspring with longer telomeres). While parent–offspring regressions did not detect heritability, animal models provided evidence that heritability of telomere length was low in this population. Environmental and technical variation largely influenced telomere length and would have biased heritability estimates if unaccounted for. Estimating the heritability of telomere length is complex, requiring large sample sizes and accounting for confounding effects in order to improve our understanding of the evolutionary potential of telomere length in the wild.

scholarly journals Study of the Cryopreservation Conditions for seed Materials of Chartolepis intermedia Boiss.

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00046
Author(s):  
Margarita Ishmuratova ◽  
Saltanat Tleukenova ◽  
Alibek Ramasanov ◽  
Elena Gavrilkova ◽  
Dmitrii Ageev
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time ◽  
Karaganda Region

For the first time, the depending of germination rate and energy of germination of Chartolepis intermedia seeds, collected in the wild of Karaganda region, from morphology of seeds and conditions of cryopreservation is investigated. The maximum results for viability are fixed for dark-colored average or large seeds. The best results are determined for variant of cryopreservation in plastic container with future defrosting at the room temperature. For the increasing parameters of seed germination we recommended to freeze Chartolepis intermedia seeds with using cryoprotector sucrose in concentration 20%. As the results of the study, we developed algorithm of cryopreservation of Chartolepis intermedia seeds in liquid nitrogen.

Two New Species of Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae) from the Hengduan Mountain Region in China and Rediscovery of D. brevicaudum (Manthey, Wolfgang, Hou, Wang, 2012)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4941 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
KAI WANG ◽  
WEI GAO ◽  
JIAWEI WU ◽  
WENJIE DONG ◽  
XIAOGANG FENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Hengduan Mountain ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Dry Valley ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
First Time

Recent studies have highlighted the underestimated diversity of the genus Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 in the Hengduan Mountain Region in Southwest China, but much of the region remains poorly surveyed for reptile diversity. In this study we describe two new species of Diploderma from the upper Jinsha and middle Yalong River Valley, based on evaluations of morphological, genetic, and distribution data. The two new species are morphologically most similar to D. angustelinea and D. vela, but they can be diagnosed from both recognized taxa and all remaining congeners by a suite of morphological features, particularly the distinct coloration of gular spots. Additionally, both new species either render other recognized species paraphyletic or are allopatric with respect to their morphologically similar congeners. Furthermore, we rediscover D. brevicaudum in the wild for the first time, which was known from historical museum specimens only. We estimate the phylogenetic position of D. brevicaudum within the genus Diploderma based on mitochondrial genealogy, and we provide an expanded diagnosis and comparisons against closely related congeners and provide a detailed description of coloration in life based on newly collected specimens. Our discoveries of the new Diploderma species further highlight the urgent conservation needs of the currently neglected hot-dry valley ecosystems in the Hengduan Mountain Region of China. 

Freshwater, Fish and the Future: Proceedings of the Global Cross-Sectoral Conference

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Fiscal Constraints ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Recreational Fishery ◽  
Murray Darling Basin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Harvest Data ◽  
Murray Cod

<em>Abstract</em> .—The collection and use of data to manage the freshwater fisheries of Australia’s Murray–Darling basin (MDB) has a poor history of success. While there was limited assessment data for early subsistence and commercial fisheries, even after more robust data became available during the 1950s its quality varied across jurisdictions and was often poorly collated, assessments were not completed, and the data were underutilized by management. The fishery for Murray Cod <em>Maccullochella peelii </em> is given as an example, where the fishery declined to the point of closure and then the decline continued to the extent that Murray Cod was listed as a threatened species and all harvest now only occurs through the recreational fishery. Lessons from such poor population assessments have not been fully learned, however, as there remains a paucity of harvest data for this recreational fishery. Without a proper assessment, a true economic valuation of this fishery has not been made. As the MDB is Australia’s food bowl, there are competing demands for water use by agriculture, and without a proper assessment of the worth of the fishery, it is difficult for Murray Cod to be truly considered in either economic or sociopolitical discussions. The poor state of MDB rivers and their fish populations (including Murray Cod) has, however, resulted in political pressure for the development of the sustainable rivers audit, a common assessment method for riverine environmental condition monitoring. This audit undertakes standardized sampling for fish and a range of other variables at a number of fixed and randomly selected sites on a 3-year rotating basis. While the sustainable rivers audit has provided a range of data indicating that the condition of rivers is generally very poor, these data have yet to be fully utilized to determine the potential state of the fisheries (such as Murray Cod) or to set targets for rehabilitation, such as for environmental flows. While, to date, data analyses have been somewhat restricted by fiscal constraints, more comprehensive use of data, together with full fishery valuations, should be seen as the way forward for improved management.

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