scholarly journals Analysis of the grounding of the MV Rena in New Zealand, 5 October, 2011

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McLean
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
Volunteer Time

The grounding of the general cargo vessel MV Rena near Tauranga Harbor in October 2011 was New Zealand’s worst environmental disaster. The ship hit an offshore reef, creating hazardous salvage conditions,and the consequent spill of 350 tonnes of fuel oil affected 50 km of coastline and many islands. Many containers fell overboard, creating hazards for other shipping, requiring additional salvage resources, and introducing toxins to the marine environment that are still washing up six years later. The community responded to the disaster by flocking to the beaches and cleaning up the oil by hand, giving well over 20,000 hours of volunteer time. Short- and long-term environmental consequences for wildlife and the inshore marine environment are reviewed, along with the effects on the local economy, the political context and the management response. There were significant economic effects during the summer immediately following the event, but the clean-up appears to have been remarkably successful. While the above-water superstructure of the ship was removed, much of the (broken-up) hull remains on or close to the reef today. The final (legal) decision on the removal of the wreck has enabled abandonment of the wreck. There appear to be few, if any, long-term wider environmental effects although elevated levels of some contaminants are still measurable close to the wreck in 2017.

scholarly journals Analysis of the grounding of the MV Rena in New Zealand, 5 October, 2011

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McLean
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
Volunteer Time

The grounding of the general cargo vessel MV Rena near Tauranga Harbor in October 2011 was New Zealand’s worst environmental disaster. The ship hit an offshore reef, creating hazardous salvage conditions,and the consequent spill of 350 tonnes of fuel oil affected 50 km of coastline and many islands. Many containers fell overboard, creating hazards for other shipping, requiring additional salvage resources, and introducing toxins to the marine environment that are still washing up six years later. The community responded to the disaster by flocking to the beaches and cleaning up the oil by hand, giving well over 20,000 hours of volunteer time. Short- and long-term environmental consequences for wildlife and the inshore marine environment are reviewed, along with the effects on the local economy, the political context and the management response. There were significant economic effects during the summer immediately following the event, but the clean-up appears to have been remarkably successful. While the above-water superstructure of the ship was removed, much of the (broken-up) hull remains on or close to the reef today. The final (legal) decision on the removal of the wreck has enabled abandonment of the wreck. There appear to be few, if any, long-term wider environmental effects although elevated levels of some contaminants are still measurable close to the wreck in 2017.

scholarly journals Crédito consignado: segmentos e efeitos econômicos

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 783-810
Author(s):  
Angélica Pott de Medeiros ◽  
Giulia Xisto de Oliveira ◽  
Reisoli Bender Filho
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
The Public ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Vector Estimation

Resumo: O cenário de instabilidade política, a recessão econômica e as mudanças nas regras de concessão de crédito pautaram o objetivo de examinar o relacionamento do crédito consignado, por segmento de concessão, com variáveis macroeconômicas, caso do consumo, da produção industrial e do produto agregado, na última década (2007-2017). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio da estimação do vetor de correção de erros, funções de impulso-resposta e decomposição da variância, possibilitando a análise das relações de curto e de longo prazo entre as séries temporais e indicaram que as diferentes modalidades do crédito consignado implicam efeitos distintos sobre as variáveis econômicas em curto prazo. O segmento de aposentados e pensionistas impacta positivamente ambas as variáveis analisadas, com destaque para os bens de consumo das famílias. Já a concessão ao setor privado, embora represente a menor parcela do crédito consignado concedido, mostrou elevada sensibilidade a alterações na oferta dessa modalidade de crédito, enquanto que o crédito ao setor público, de maior participação, apresentou efeitos reduzidos e de curta duração.Palavras-chave: Crédito consignado. Segmentos. Economia brasileira. Payroll loans: segments and economic effects Abstract: The environment of political instability, economic recession and changes in the rules of granting credit were guiders to aim to examine the payroll loans relationship, by concession segment, with macroeconomic variables, case of consumption, industrial production and aggregate product, in the last decade (2007-2017). The results obtained by error correction vector estimation, and functions of impulse-response and variance decomposition, making it possible to analyze the short- and long-term relationships between the time series and indicated that the different modalities of payroll loans imply different effects on economic short-term variables. With retirees and pensioners segment positively impact on both analyzed variables, highlighting the household consumption goods. The concession to the private sector, although it represents the smallest portion of payroll loans granted, it showed high sensitivity to the changes of this modality. About credit to the public sector, which has the biggest portion, it showed reduced and short-term effects.Keywords: Payroll loans. Segments. Brazilian economy.

scholarly journals Eucalyptus sp. at the Intersection of Environment and Culture in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandy M Garrett Kluthe ◽  
Diana K Chen
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Genus Eucalyptus

Members of the genus Eucalyptus are popular on small farms throughout Kenya, and include species such as Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalpytus globulus, and Eucalyptus grandis. Although they are fast-growing and perform well on marginal land, these trees are associated with negative environmental effects in Africa and elsewhere they have been introduced. In-person surveys were conducted with small farmers in Kenya to determine patterns of Eucalyptus sp. stand use and cultural importance. It was found that despite acknowledged short and long term environmental consequences, Eucalyptus sp. remains popular for medium term economic investment. These findings are consistent with other reports of Eucalyptus sp. woodlots serving as funding sources for education, health emergencies, etc., in parts of the world where bank loans are unavailable. Further, it was found that some farmers are using modified silviculture practices to ameliorate the negative effects of Eucalyptus sp., and others are seeking indigenous alternatives.           

Short- and long-term responses and recovery of mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to heavy fuel oil no. 6 and styrene

Ecotoxicology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Ruiz ◽  
Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia ◽  
Amaia Orbea ◽  
Sjur Vingen ◽  
Anne Hjelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Short And Long Term

The Option to Discharge Industrial or Sewage Effluent to the Marine Environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. M. Botes ◽  
K. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
The Public ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Views And Perceptions ◽  
Economic Considerations

The utilisation of the ocean for the disposal of domestic or industrial waste is a controversial subject with different views and perceptions by the public, the scientific community and developers. With extensive developments, increased stresses are exerted on the coastal zone areas. Disposal of wastes will have effect on the environment (land, atmosphere or ocean) and it is the responsibility of the scientific community and the authorities to minimise detrimental effects to the environment. The ocean as a disposal medium is an inappropriate medium to dispose of persistent toxic materials, however, the assimilative capacity of the sea is enormous for certain substances providing:Impact assessments to determine the influence of disposal to the marine environment should be compared to similar assessments of the environment to be influenced by alternative disposal options.Social and economic considerations should also form an integral part of such an assessment.Water quality criteria should be clearly defined and scientifically sound to provide the basis for the design of outfalls as well as for monitoring the short and long-term impacts.Authorised control and effective legislation should be available to enforce quality requirements and remedial actions to be taken.

REMEDIATION AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1179-1184
Author(s):  
Erich R. Gundlach ◽  
Angelos Findikakis ◽  
Luis Delgado ◽  
Alan Harding
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
The North ◽  
Lake Maracaibo ◽  
Oil Export ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
Channel Configuration ◽  
Oil Tankers

ABSTRACT Lake Maracaibo in western Venezuela is one of the major oil-producing areas of the world with over 12,000 platforms connected by 15,100 km of pipeline, capable of producing 3 million barrels/day. To expedite oil export, the entrance to the lake was dredged beginning in 1938 and reached its present depth (14 m or 45 ft) in 1960 to permit the utilization of Lakemax oil tankers. The deeper channel, however, also altered the water quality of the lake, principally raising salinity and influencing the development of an anoxic zone. Several solutions to these changes have been suggested including reclosure of the channel, therefore excluding tankers. This multiyear study focused on determining the quantity and sources of contaminants entering Lake Maracaibo, and then applied several computer models to determine short- and long-term changes in water quality due to modifications of the entry channel and in contaminant loadings. The final part of the study included development and cost analysis of alternative pathways to continue the transport of oil, coal, petrochemicals, and general cargo to and from the lake. Results indicate that the oil industry contribution to contamination is minor compared to that from domestic discharges at the north end and from river inputs to the south, and that changes in channel configuration (including restoration to the predredged condition) do not improve water quality significantly. A concerted effort is needed to reduce land-based contamination to ensure any sustained improvement of the lake's water quality.

scholarly journals Geomorphological processes and forms in the function of optimal landfill microlocation determination

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Milosevic ◽  
Miroslav Markicevic
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Threshold Graph

Geomorphologic forms and processes have primary and eliminatory significance in the process of determining the proper locations for trash disposal. Those forms are results of long-term morphogenetic processes and they implicate the dependence between the landfill and a landscape where it is situated. Determining proper location for landfill is crucial because it becomes a factor of permanent alternation of the landscape. The basic task that a possible location should satisfy is as least as possible impact zone. Concerning this request, the best locations are those on fossil geomorphologic forms that are out of active geomorphologic processes (erosive fluvial terraces and blind karst valleys). The selection of location for landfills has its economic consequences that are determined in the light of theory of development thresholds and cost-benefit analysis. The work contains comparative threshold graph with short- and long-term economic effects (costs) of locating a landfill on flood plain and an erosive terrace. There?s also given a matrix of suitability that explains economical, social, ecological, technical and esthetical factors relevant for selecting the adequate location for landfills.

scholarly journals Analysis of heavy fuel oil use by ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters from 2010 to 2018

FACETS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 304-327
Author(s):  
Nicolien van Luijk ◽  
Jackie Dawson ◽  
Alison Cook
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Baffin Bay ◽  
Bulk Carriers ◽  
General Cargo

In 2018, The International Maritime Organization, officially proposed consideration of a ban on heavy fuel oil (HFO) use by ships in the Arctic, because of the widely accepted understanding that HFO presents a threat to the marine environment. There is currently a lack of understanding of the scale and scope of HFO use by ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters, thus it is difficult to comprehensively evaluate the effect that such a ban may have in mitigating risk from HFO use. In this study, we conducted a spatial analysis of HFO use among ships operating in Canadian Arctic waters between 2010 and 2018. Our findings show that approximately 37% of the total number of ships that have travelled through the Canadian Arctic between 2010 and 2018 use HFO, and nearly all of these ships fall within three vessel categories: general cargo, bulk carriers, and tanker ships. In addition, HFO-fueled ships made up approximately 45% of the total distance (kilometres) travelled by all vessels between 2010 and 2018. The data also show that the majority of HFO use occurs in certain geographic areas, such as Baffin Bay near Pond Inlet and the Hudson Strait.

Understanding economic effects of humanitarian intervention

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
Dirk-Jan Omtzigt
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The People ◽  
Complex Emergency ◽  
Short And Long Term

This chapter provides the economic context and considerations to assist those working in a complex emergency to apply principles that assist rather than harm the society at large and the economy in particular. It covers the core principles of economic development and vulnerability, including income disparities and the multidimensional impact of poverty, and offers an overview of the real-life economic implications of development and humanitarian aid. It provides specific considerations related to both short- and long-term economic consequences for both the people being assisted and the host community in which the programme operates.

scholarly journals Community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Christine Kapita Umumararungu ◽  
Appoline Kapita Bazubagira
Keyword(s):  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Community Perceptions ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Medical Health Care ◽  
Short And Long Term

The covid-19 crisis is global but its socio-economic effects cannot be globally scrutinized. It is deeply local and huge. The research aimed at finding out and assessing community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda. It would inspire policymakers to renovate measures and policies that would help in rehabilitating all sectors in general and more affected groups in particular. From 30 districts of Rwanda, 510 respondents have been sampled through convenience and judgmental techniques. Findings revealed that people misinterpret the pandemic which lowers their level of compliance to Covid-19 preventive measures. Stay home orders were not a fruitful time for families whereby 84% of respondents were victims of domestic and sexual violence. However, with 16%, it was a good time for family cohesion. Isolation and social values frustration, family disorganization and dysfunctional, depression, and anxiety are major social effects of Covid-19.  Loss of jobs, decreased salaries, none compliance with preventive measures fines, incapacity to pay bank loans, inability to satisfy family basic needs, government extra investment in medical health care have enormously affected the Rwandan economy. Thus, there is a need of strengthening sensitization of covid-19 spread, preventive measures, short and long-term consequences associated with it. This would shift the population from their wrong perceptions of covid-19 and increase the rate of compliance to established measures so as to free Rwanda from the pandemic and return to a normal life situation.

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