scholarly journals Community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Christine Kapita Umumararungu ◽  
Appoline Kapita Bazubagira
Keyword(s):  
Family Cohesion ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Community Perceptions ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Medical Health Care ◽  
Short And Long Term

The covid-19 crisis is global but its socio-economic effects cannot be globally scrutinized. It is deeply local and huge. The research aimed at finding out and assessing community perceptions about Covid-19 and its socio-economic effects in Rwanda. It would inspire policymakers to renovate measures and policies that would help in rehabilitating all sectors in general and more affected groups in particular. From 30 districts of Rwanda, 510 respondents have been sampled through convenience and judgmental techniques. Findings revealed that people misinterpret the pandemic which lowers their level of compliance to Covid-19 preventive measures. Stay home orders were not a fruitful time for families whereby 84% of respondents were victims of domestic and sexual violence. However, with 16%, it was a good time for family cohesion. Isolation and social values frustration, family disorganization and dysfunctional, depression, and anxiety are major social effects of Covid-19.  Loss of jobs, decreased salaries, none compliance with preventive measures fines, incapacity to pay bank loans, inability to satisfy family basic needs, government extra investment in medical health care have enormously affected the Rwandan economy. Thus, there is a need of strengthening sensitization of covid-19 spread, preventive measures, short and long-term consequences associated with it. This would shift the population from their wrong perceptions of covid-19 and increase the rate of compliance to established measures so as to free Rwanda from the pandemic and return to a normal life situation.

scholarly journals Preventing Contrast-induced Renal Failure: A Guide

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Faggioni ◽  
◽  
Roxana Mehran ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Kidney Dysfunction ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Short And Long Term

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is characterised by a rapid deterioration of renal function within a few days of parenteral administration of contrast media (CM) in the absence of alternative causes. CI-AKI is the most common form of iatrogenic kidney dysfunction with an estimated prevalence of 12 % in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Although usually selfresolving, in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) or concomitant risk factors for renal damage, CI-AKI is associated with increased short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Therefore, risk stratification based on clinical and peri-procedural characteristics is crucial in selecting patients at risk of CI-AKI who would benefit the most from implementation of preventive measures.

scholarly journals Crédito consignado: segmentos e efeitos econômicos

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 783-810
Author(s):  
Angélica Pott de Medeiros ◽  
Giulia Xisto de Oliveira ◽  
Reisoli Bender Filho
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
The Public ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Vector Estimation

Resumo: O cenário de instabilidade política, a recessão econômica e as mudanças nas regras de concessão de crédito pautaram o objetivo de examinar o relacionamento do crédito consignado, por segmento de concessão, com variáveis macroeconômicas, caso do consumo, da produção industrial e do produto agregado, na última década (2007-2017). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio da estimação do vetor de correção de erros, funções de impulso-resposta e decomposição da variância, possibilitando a análise das relações de curto e de longo prazo entre as séries temporais e indicaram que as diferentes modalidades do crédito consignado implicam efeitos distintos sobre as variáveis econômicas em curto prazo. O segmento de aposentados e pensionistas impacta positivamente ambas as variáveis analisadas, com destaque para os bens de consumo das famílias. Já a concessão ao setor privado, embora represente a menor parcela do crédito consignado concedido, mostrou elevada sensibilidade a alterações na oferta dessa modalidade de crédito, enquanto que o crédito ao setor público, de maior participação, apresentou efeitos reduzidos e de curta duração.Palavras-chave: Crédito consignado. Segmentos. Economia brasileira. Payroll loans: segments and economic effects Abstract: The environment of political instability, economic recession and changes in the rules of granting credit were guiders to aim to examine the payroll loans relationship, by concession segment, with macroeconomic variables, case of consumption, industrial production and aggregate product, in the last decade (2007-2017). The results obtained by error correction vector estimation, and functions of impulse-response and variance decomposition, making it possible to analyze the short- and long-term relationships between the time series and indicated that the different modalities of payroll loans imply different effects on economic short-term variables. With retirees and pensioners segment positively impact on both analyzed variables, highlighting the household consumption goods. The concession to the private sector, although it represents the smallest portion of payroll loans granted, it showed high sensitivity to the changes of this modality. About credit to the public sector, which has the biggest portion, it showed reduced and short-term effects.Keywords: Payroll loans. Segments. Brazilian economy.

scholarly journals The Developmental Role of Serotonin: A Comparison of Short- and Long-term Blockade of the Serotonin Transporter on Behavioural Outcomes in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amy O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Fluoxetine Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term

<p>Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter that regulates a range of processes within the brain and is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. In addition, serotonin acts as a developmental signal during critical periods of prenatal development, influencing processes such as neuronal proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis (Gaspar et al., 2003). The serotonin transporter (5- HTT) plays a key role in regulating extracellular serotonin levels and is the main target of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of drugs that have anti-anxiety and anti- depressive activity. SSRIs cause an acute increase in extracellular serotonin and are commonly prescribed as a treatment for depression and anxiety during pregnancy (Tran & Robb, 2015). Given that these drugs alter serotonin transmission and can pass to the developing fetus via the placenta, it is vital that the outcomes of prenatal SSRI exposure are investigated. In humans, a genetic variant of the gene that codes for the 5-HTT (SLC6A4) has been linked to increased risk for developing depression and anxiety (Caspi et al., 2003). The functional consequences of this genetic polymorphism are life-long alterations in 5-HTT activity, resulting in increased extracellular levels of serotonin (Nakamura et al., 2000). Given prenatal SSRI exposure results in a time-locked blockade of 5-HTT during critical periods of development, it follows that alterations in serotonin during development might similarly result in enhanced risk for depression and anxiety later in life. Outcomes in children prenatally exposed to SSRIs are difficult to study due to confounds of pre- existing maternal depression. Therefore, the current thesis presents two experiments that aimed to further investigate the role of altered extracellular serotonin levels during development in an animal model. Experiment one aimed to develop a method of voluntary oral administration of the SSRI fluoxetine to pregnant rat dams. This method was then applied in experiment two to create a time-locked blockade of 5-HTT during critical periods of development in an animal model of life-long 5-HTT blockade. The aim of experiment two was to directly assess the contribution of short- and long-term 5-HTT blockade on anxiety and depression phenotypes in adult male offspring. In addition, maternal behaviour was assessed to determine whether fluoxetine treatment had an influence on mother-pup interactions that could confound results. To test for anxiety and depression phenotypes, the novel affective disorder test (ADT) was used to assess anxiety behaviour and the deficits in anticipatory pleasure indicative of anhedonia. In the current study, fluoxetine treatment did not have an effect on litter outcomes or mother-pup interactions. Crucially, no significant group differences were found indicating that neither short- nor long- term blockade of 5-HTT resulted in increased anxiety- or depressive-like behaviours in the current experiment. However, limitations with methodological design limit the translatability of these results to the broader literature, and validation of the ADT is required before these results can be generalised beyond this thesis.</p>

scholarly journals Cesarean section. Is the choice justified? Risks to children’s health

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
I. M. Osmanov ◽  
I. V. Berezhnaya ◽  
К. A. Koltsov ◽  
O. V. Dedikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Operative Delivery ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Cytokine Cascade

Operative delivery is one of the preventive measures to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality. Due to objective reasons, the indicators of perinatal and early neonatal deaths of children in the Russian Federation have been steadily declining over the past decades. Operative delivery is one of the preventive measures to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality. However, it is necessary to take into account the risks of operative delivery for both mother and baby. The planned caesarean section does not allow to fully activate the adaptive mechanisms of the baby, which disrupts the cytokine cascade and leads to various immunological disorders, one of which is allergy. The last meta-analysis of 13 trials showed a high risk of developing bronchial asthma in children born by cesarean section. Autoimmune diseases, oncological processes and systemic diseases is clearly in evidence in this group. This article discusses the risks for children born by planned cesarean section in the short and long term and the possibility of prevention according to modern trials.

scholarly journals Analysis of the grounding of the MV Rena in New Zealand, 5 October, 2011

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McLean
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
General Cargo ◽  
Volunteer Time

The grounding of the general cargo vessel MV Rena near Tauranga Harbor in October 2011 was New Zealand’s worst environmental disaster. The ship hit an offshore reef, creating hazardous salvage conditions,and the consequent spill of 350 tonnes of fuel oil affected 50 km of coastline and many islands. Many containers fell overboard, creating hazards for other shipping, requiring additional salvage resources, and introducing toxins to the marine environment that are still washing up six years later. The community responded to the disaster by flocking to the beaches and cleaning up the oil by hand, giving well over 20,000 hours of volunteer time. Short- and long-term environmental consequences for wildlife and the inshore marine environment are reviewed, along with the effects on the local economy, the political context and the management response. There were significant economic effects during the summer immediately following the event, but the clean-up appears to have been remarkably successful. While the above-water superstructure of the ship was removed, much of the (broken-up) hull remains on or close to the reef today. The final (legal) decision on the removal of the wreck has enabled abandonment of the wreck. There appear to be few, if any, long-term wider environmental effects although elevated levels of some contaminants are still measurable close to the wreck in 2017.

scholarly journals The Developmental Role of Serotonin: A Comparison of Short- and Long-term Blockade of the Serotonin Transporter on Behavioural Outcomes in Adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amy O'Connell
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Fluoxetine Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term

<p>Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter that regulates a range of processes within the brain and is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. In addition, serotonin acts as a developmental signal during critical periods of prenatal development, influencing processes such as neuronal proliferation, migration, and synaptogenesis (Gaspar et al., 2003). The serotonin transporter (5- HTT) plays a key role in regulating extracellular serotonin levels and is the main target of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of drugs that have anti-anxiety and anti- depressive activity. SSRIs cause an acute increase in extracellular serotonin and are commonly prescribed as a treatment for depression and anxiety during pregnancy (Tran & Robb, 2015). Given that these drugs alter serotonin transmission and can pass to the developing fetus via the placenta, it is vital that the outcomes of prenatal SSRI exposure are investigated. In humans, a genetic variant of the gene that codes for the 5-HTT (SLC6A4) has been linked to increased risk for developing depression and anxiety (Caspi et al., 2003). The functional consequences of this genetic polymorphism are life-long alterations in 5-HTT activity, resulting in increased extracellular levels of serotonin (Nakamura et al., 2000). Given prenatal SSRI exposure results in a time-locked blockade of 5-HTT during critical periods of development, it follows that alterations in serotonin during development might similarly result in enhanced risk for depression and anxiety later in life. Outcomes in children prenatally exposed to SSRIs are difficult to study due to confounds of pre- existing maternal depression. Therefore, the current thesis presents two experiments that aimed to further investigate the role of altered extracellular serotonin levels during development in an animal model. Experiment one aimed to develop a method of voluntary oral administration of the SSRI fluoxetine to pregnant rat dams. This method was then applied in experiment two to create a time-locked blockade of 5-HTT during critical periods of development in an animal model of life-long 5-HTT blockade. The aim of experiment two was to directly assess the contribution of short- and long-term 5-HTT blockade on anxiety and depression phenotypes in adult male offspring. In addition, maternal behaviour was assessed to determine whether fluoxetine treatment had an influence on mother-pup interactions that could confound results. To test for anxiety and depression phenotypes, the novel affective disorder test (ADT) was used to assess anxiety behaviour and the deficits in anticipatory pleasure indicative of anhedonia. In the current study, fluoxetine treatment did not have an effect on litter outcomes or mother-pup interactions. Crucially, no significant group differences were found indicating that neither short- nor long- term blockade of 5-HTT resulted in increased anxiety- or depressive-like behaviours in the current experiment. However, limitations with methodological design limit the translatability of these results to the broader literature, and validation of the ADT is required before these results can be generalised beyond this thesis.</p>

scholarly journals Eucalyptus sp. at the Intersection of Environment and Culture in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandy M Garrett Kluthe ◽  
Diana K Chen
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Genus Eucalyptus

Members of the genus Eucalyptus are popular on small farms throughout Kenya, and include species such as Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalpytus globulus, and Eucalyptus grandis. Although they are fast-growing and perform well on marginal land, these trees are associated with negative environmental effects in Africa and elsewhere they have been introduced. In-person surveys were conducted with small farmers in Kenya to determine patterns of Eucalyptus sp. stand use and cultural importance. It was found that despite acknowledged short and long term environmental consequences, Eucalyptus sp. remains popular for medium term economic investment. These findings are consistent with other reports of Eucalyptus sp. woodlots serving as funding sources for education, health emergencies, etc., in parts of the world where bank loans are unavailable. Further, it was found that some farmers are using modified silviculture practices to ameliorate the negative effects of Eucalyptus sp., and others are seeking indigenous alternatives.           

scholarly journals Informal care and the impact on depression and anxiety among Swedish adults: a population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Stratmann ◽  
Yvonne Forsell ◽  
Jette Möller ◽  
Yajun Liang
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Informal Caregiving ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background As the population is ageing, the need for informal caregivers increases, and thus we need to know more about the effects on caregivers. This study aims to determine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived limitation of informal caregiving and mental health of caregivers. Methods This population-based cohort study was based on the Swedish Psykisk hälsa, Arbete och RelaTioner (PART) study, and 9346 individuals aged 18–65 were included. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and Swedish registers. Informal care was defined as care given to a family member. Self-reported and diagnosed depression and anxiety were included as outcomes. Covariates included sex, age, social support and socio-economic position. Ordinal logistic regression and Cox regression were performed to determine the associations between caregiving and anxiety or depression. Results Self-reported depression and anxiety was only increased among those experiencing limitations (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 2.00, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.63–2.47 for depression; aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.57–2.74 for anxiety) compared to those not giving care, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) were increased for diagnosed depression (aHR 1.97, 95% CI 1.27–3.05) and for diagnosed anxiety (aHR 1.86, 95% CI 1.06–3.25) among those giving care and experiencing limitations, compared to those not giving care. No significant associations were found in caregivers without limitations. Conclusion Caregivers experiencing limitations showed a significant association with short- and long-term anxiety and depression. This study implies the importance of exploring the degree to which informal caregiving can be provided without adding burden to caregivers.

scholarly journals Geomorphological processes and forms in the function of optimal landfill microlocation determination

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Milosevic ◽  
Miroslav Markicevic
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Fluvial Terraces ◽  
Basic Task ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Threshold Graph

Geomorphologic forms and processes have primary and eliminatory significance in the process of determining the proper locations for trash disposal. Those forms are results of long-term morphogenetic processes and they implicate the dependence between the landfill and a landscape where it is situated. Determining proper location for landfill is crucial because it becomes a factor of permanent alternation of the landscape. The basic task that a possible location should satisfy is as least as possible impact zone. Concerning this request, the best locations are those on fossil geomorphologic forms that are out of active geomorphologic processes (erosive fluvial terraces and blind karst valleys). The selection of location for landfills has its economic consequences that are determined in the light of theory of development thresholds and cost-benefit analysis. The work contains comparative threshold graph with short- and long-term economic effects (costs) of locating a landfill on flood plain and an erosive terrace. There?s also given a matrix of suitability that explains economical, social, ecological, technical and esthetical factors relevant for selecting the adequate location for landfills.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety in older patients with multiple myeloma in North Carolina: A population-based, claims-based assessment.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10048-10048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anureet Copeland ◽  
Ashley Freeman ◽  
Christopher Baggett ◽  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Thomas C. Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Short And Long Term

10048 Background: Patients (pts) with multiple myeloma (MM) experience physical symptoms and complications from disease or treatment that include bone pain, fatigue, anorexia, and insomnia. However, the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities and their impact on short and long-term outcomes has been understudied. The aim of this analysis was to identify the prevalence of anxiety and depression in older pts with MM in the state of North Carolina. We also sought to evaluate if comorbid depression and anxiety impacted short and long-term outcomes in these patients. Methods: Using the University of North Carolina Integrated Cancer Information and Surveillance System (ICISS), we retrospectively identified a statewide cohort of 536 pts (ages 65-80) diagnosed with MM from 2006-2012 who had continuous enrollment in Medicare or Medicaid. Patients were identified through insurance claims by ICD-9 diagnosis codes for anxiety or depression or antidepressant medications filed at any time from 6 months prior to MM diagnosis to 12 months after MM diagnosis. Results: The mean age of pts in the cohort was 72 years. Pts were 68% non-Hispanic white, 42% rural, and 51% male. Of the 536 pts, 200 (37%) had a diagnosis of anxiety or depression and/or were being treated with an antidepressant. 54% of those with psychiatric comorbidity had a relevant diagnosis or medication in the 6 months prior to MM diagnosis. Of those with psychiatric comorbidities, 70% were diagnosed with fatigue and 57% were diagnosed with pain. In multivariate analysis, there was no association of psychiatric comorbidity with mortality (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.28), but psychiatric comorbidity was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization or ER visit (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.05-1.30) and increased opiate use within 1 year after diagnosis (RR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.27-2.16). Conclusions: The presence of psychiatric comorbidity identifies a subset of older MM pts at risk for high symptom burden and increased health care utilization. The association of psychiatric comorbidity with increased opiate use in cancer pts may also have public health implications.

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