scholarly journals Car Equivalents Dependence on the Longitudinal Road Gradient on Two-lane Roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Miladin Subotić ◽  
Vladan Jevđen Tubić
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Gradient

The main objective of this paper, based upon the extensive empirical research of free flow in local conditions, is to quantify the unfavourable impact of the flow structure on the road capacity using PCE (Passenger Car Equivalent) values as a function of longitudinal grade. Based on literature reviews and empirical research, it has been proved that the PCE value for all vehicle classes is directly correlated with the road gradient. The PCE values in free flow conditions have been determined for the approved vehicle classes. Based on the measured values, models for determining the average PCE value depending on the upward grade on two-lane roads have been developed. Comparison of the developed models in conditions of free traffic flow with the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) models has shown lower PCE values in this research. Models for the percentage of PCE values PCE15%, PCE50% and PCE85% have also been established.

Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
I. Gusti Raka Purbanto
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
On The Road

Motorcycle dominates traffic in Bali, particularly in urban roads, which occupy more than 85% of mode share. The three types of vehicles, i.e. motorcycles, heavy and light vehicles share the roadways together. Under mixed traffic conditions, motorcycle may be travelling in between and alongside two consecutive motor vehicles. Considering such a situation, passenger car equivalent values should be examined thoroughly. This study aims to determine passenger car equivalent (PCEs) of motorcycle at mid-block of Sesetan Road. Three approaches are used to examine the PCEs values. This study found that the PCE of motorcycles are in a range between 0.2 and 0.4. This values are about the same to the existing PCE of the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (1997). This study also pointed out that motorcyclists and car drivers may behave differently to the existence of motorcycles. Car drivers are more aware than motorcyclists on the existence of motorcycle on the road. Further, more samples are required to obtain comprehensive results. In addition, the presence of heavy vehicles need to be considered for future study.

scholarly journals Perubahan Nilai Ekivalensi Mobil Penumpang Akibat Perubahan Karakteristik Operasional Kendaraan di Jalan Kota Semarang

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
EPF. Eko Yulipriyono ◽  
Djoko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
On The Road

Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) is a conversion factor to make equal the various types of vehicles that operating on the road section into one type of vehicles i.e. passenger cars. Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997 has set the PCE values for various types of vehicle groups either motorized. PCE values of various types of vehicles are not absolute because many factors that affect can change over time and development of automotive technology. This study aimed to find out the changes of PCE value that occurs. As for the purpose of research to determine the current number of PCE values due to the change of operational characteristics of vehicles on a highway especially for urban highways. Data analysis for the determination of PCE values used: time headway method, speed method, capacity method, and vehicle dimension method. The conclusion of this study: PCE of light vehicles (LV) = 1 still in accordance with MJKI 1997; PCE of heavy vehicles (HV) varied depending on the road types. PCE of heavy vehicles that according to MKJI 1997 is used as a median; PCE of motorcycles (MC) of MKJI 1997 need to be adjusted to 0.4 or more, particularly in the calculation of actualy traffic flow.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUKARELAWAN PENGATUR LALU LINTAS TERHADAP KINERJA SIMPANG TAK BERSINYAL GANESHA SURAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Gus Maelan Irfana ◽  
Nurul Hidayati ◽  
Sri Sunarjono
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The City

Abstract Traffic congestion in the City of Surakarta gave rise to a phenomenal figure among motor vehicle drivers, called the Traffic Control Volunteers or abbreviated as Supeltas. This Supeltas is present on the road to help organize the movement of traffic, as happened at the Surakarta Ganesha Unsignalized Intersection. This study aims to determine the influence of the existence of Supeltas on capacity, degree of saturation, delay, and queuing opportunities that occur at the intersection. The analysis was carried out using the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual. The results showed that the intersection without Supeltas had a capacity of 3,114.03 pcu/hour and a degree of saturation of 1.47, while the same intersection but with Supeltas had a capacity of 3,136.81 pcu/hour and a degree of saturation of 1.51. These results indicate that Supeltas has a positive influence on the performance of the intersection. Nevertheless, the degree of saturation in the location increased due to the increase in traffic volume as well as increased capacity. Keywords: unsignalized intersection, intersection performance, intersection capacity, degree of saturation  Abstrak Kemacetan lalu lintas di Kota Surakarta memunculkan sosok fenomenal di kalangan pengendara kendaraan bermotor, yang disebut Sukarelawan Pengatur Lalu Lintas atau disingkat Supeltas. Supeltas ini hadir di jalan untuk membantu mengatur pergerakan lalu lintas, seperti yang terjadi di Simpang Tak Bersinyal Ganesha Surakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh keberadaan Supeltas terhadap kapasitas, derajat kejenuhan, tundaan, dan peluang antrian yang terjadi di simpang tersebut. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggu-nakan Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia 1997. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa simpang tanpa Supeltas memiliki kapasitas sebesar 3.114,03 smp/jam dan derajat kejenuhan 1,47, sedangkan simpang yang sama tetapi dengan Supeltas memiliki kapasitas sebesar 3.136,81 smp/jam dan derajat kejenuhan 1,51. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Supeltas mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap kinerja simpang. Meskipun demikian, derajat kejenuhan di lokasi tersebut meningkat karena bertambahnya volume lalu lintas di samping kapasitas yang juga meningkat. Kata-kata kunci: simpang tak bersinyal, kinerja simpang, kapasitas simpang, derajat kejenuhan

scholarly journals Traffic Assessment for Unsignalized Intersection Under Influence for Side Friction on Padang Lawas, North Sumatera

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Muchammad Zaenal Muttaqin ◽  
Desi Yanti Futri Citra Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Side Friction ◽  
North Sumatra

An unsignalized intersection is a part of a road where currents from different directions or directions meet. There was a conflict between currents from theopposite direction and intersecting each other, resulting in congestion along the arms of the intersection. Likewise, at the intersection of four arms without a signal at Sibuhuan Market, Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, there is a congestion caused by the reduction in the effective width of the road due to parking on the road. At the intersection of four arms without a signal at Sibuhuan Market, Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra, there is a congestion caused by side obstacles, a high vehicle population that is not matched by the availability of adequate infrastructure so this research aims to analyze the performance of the four-arm intersection without a signal. based on Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI 1997) and analyzes them to improve the performance of these unsignalized intersections. The analysis of the results showed that the intersection performance for the unsigned intersection conditions in the existing condition with the parking on the side of the road which reduced the effective width, the maximum total flow was 2341 pcu / hour, capacity (C) = 2707.06 pcu / hour, and the degree of saturation (DS) = 0.86, intersection delay (D) = 14.62 seconds / pcu and queuing opportunity (QP) 30.03 - 59.32%. Therefore, it is necessary to recalculate with various alternatives so that the DS value meets the requirements of the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual, which is < 0.75.

scholarly journals On-Street Parking and Traffic Flow Performance at Kapasan Shopping Area Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Amrita Winaya
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Shopping Area ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
On The Road

Traffic congestion is a problem that is often faced by Indonesian big cities. It is related to land use in an area that causes on-street parking. The main cause is the imbalance between demand and supply, namely the need for parking during rush hour exceeds the capacity of existing parking. Another consequence is the increasing of side barriers resulting in the delays on certain roads. Shopping area in Jl.Kapasan, Surabaya is one of the densely areas attracted most people of Surabaya to conduct trading activities and shopping for daily needs. The denstiy of this region will affect the performance of traffic flow and causing delays.The study aims to identify on-street parking in Jl.Kapasan shopping area, consequences arising from parking on the road, and determine the level of service or performance of roads around this shopping area. The analytical methods used are derived from Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual 1997. Based on calculation and analysis, the capacity of Jl.Kapasan without parking on the road was 1468 pcu/hour and with on-street parking was only 1276 pcu/hour.

Estimating Passenger Car Equivalent using the HCM-6 PCE Methodology on Four-Lane Level Freeway Segments in Western U.S.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 529-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Zhou ◽  
Laurence Rilett ◽  
Elizabeth Jones
Keyword(s):  
Flow Speed ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Free Flow Speed ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Equal Capacity ◽  
Using Data

The passenger car equivalent (PCE) of a truck is used to account for the presence of trucks in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The HCM-6 employed an equivalency capacity methodology to estimate PCE. It is hypothesized in this paper that the HCM-6 PCE values are not appropriate for the western U.S., which consistently experiences truck percentages higher than 25%. Furthermore, the HCM PCE procedure assumes that truck and passenger cars travel at the same desired free-flow speed on level terrain. However, many heavy trucks in the western U.S. are governed through the use of speed limiters so that their speeds are considerably less than the speed limit. Thirdly, the HCM-6 PCEs are based on the freeways having three lanes per direction, which might not be appropriate for the freeways with two lanes per direction that predominate in the rural sections of the western U.S. Lastly, the trucks used in the HCM-6 simulation might not be representative of the empirical trucks observed on rural freeways in western states. This paper examines these effects on PCEs using data from I-80 in western Nebraska. The PCEs were estimated using the HCM-6 equal-capacity method and VISSIM 9.0 simulation data under (1) the HCM-6 conditions and (2) the Nebraska empirical conditions. It was found that the PCEs recommended in HCM-6 underestimate the effects of trucks on four-lane level freeway segments that experience high truck percentages having large differences in free-flow speed distributions, and which have different truck lengths.

Application of Moving Car Observer Method for Measuring Free Flow Speed on Two-lane Highways

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman Che Puan ◽  
Muttaka Na’iya Ibrahim ◽  
Usman Tasiu Abdurrahman
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurement ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Free Flow Speed ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Traffic

There exists a need to evaluate the performance indicator that reflects the current level of service (LOS) of the subject facility to justify any decision making on expenditures to be made for improving the performance level of a road facility. Free-flow speed (FFS) is one of the key parameters associated with LOS assessment for two-lane highways. Application of a more realistic approach for assessing road’s performance indicators would result in better estimates which could in turn suggest the most appropriate decision to be made (for situations where upgrading is needed); especially, in terms of finance, materials and human resources. FFS is the driver’s desired speed at low traffic volume condition and in the absence of traffic control devices. Its estimation is significant in the analysis of two-lane highways through which average travel speed (ATS); an LOS indicator for the subject road class is determined. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010 offers an indirect method for field estimation of FSS based on the highway operating conditions in terms of base-free-flow-speed (BFFS). It is however, recommended by the same manual that direct field FSS measurement approach is most preferred. The Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual (MHCM) established a model for estimating FFS based on BFFS, the geometric features of the highway and proportion of motorcycles in the traffic stream. Estimating FFS based on BFFS is regarded as an indirect approach which is only resorted to, if direct field measurement proved difficult or not feasible. This paper presents the application of moving car observer (MCO) method for direct field measurement of FFS. Data for the study were collected on six segments of two-lane highways with varying geometric features. FFS estimates from MCO method were compared with those based on MHCM model. Findings from the study revealed that FFS values from MCO method seem to be consistently lower than those based on MHCM model. To ascertain the extent of the difference between the FFS values from the two approaches, student t-statistics was used. The t-statistics revealed a P–value of less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) which implies that there is a statistically significant difference between the two sets of data. Since MCO method was conducted under low traffic flow (most desired condition for field observation), it can be suggested that MCO estimates of FFS represent the actual scenario. A relationship was therefore developed between the estimates from the two methods. Thus, if the MHCM model is to be applied, the measured value needs to be adjusted based on the relationship developed between the two approaches.

scholarly journals Travel Time Estimation on Urban Street Segment

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Kajalić ◽  
Nikola Čelar ◽  
Stamenka Stanković
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Travel Time Estimation ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Urban Streets

Level of service (LOS) is used as the main indicator of transport quality on urban roads and it is estimated based on the travel speed. The main objective of this study is to determine which of the existing models for travel speed calculation is most suitable for local conditions. The study uses actual data gathered in travel time survey on urban streets, recorded by applying second by second GPS data. The survey is limited to traffic flow in saturated conditions. The RMSE method (Root Mean Square Error) is used for research results comparison with relevant models: Akcelik, HCM (Highway Capacity Manual), Singapore model and modified BPR (the Bureau of Public Roads) function (Dowling - Skabardonis). The lowest deviation in local conditions for urban streets with standardized intersection distance (400-500 m) is demonstrated by Akcelik model. However, for streets with lower signal density (<1 signal/km) the correlation between speed and degree of saturation is best presented by HCM and Singapore model. According to test results, Akcelik model was adopted for travel speed estimation which can be the basis for determining the level of service in urban streets with standardized intersection distance and coordinated signal timing under local conditions.

scholarly journals Delay-based Passenger Car Equivalent at Signalized Intersections in Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibollah Nassiri ◽  
Sara Tabatabaie ◽  
Sina Sahebi
Keyword(s):  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Traffic Operation

Due to their different sizes and operational characteristics, vehicles other than passenger cars have a different influence on traffic operations especially at intersections. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) is the parameter that shows how many passenger cars must be substituted for a specific heavy vehicle to represent its influence on traffic operation. PCE is commonly estimated using headway-based methods that consider the excess headway utilized by heavy vehicles. In this research, the PCE was estimated based on the delay parameter at three signalized intersections in Tehran, Iran. The data collected were traffic volume, travel time for each movement, signalization, and geometric design information. These data were analysed and three different models, one for each intersection, were constructed and calibrated using TRAF-NETSIM simulation software for unsaturated traffic conditions. PCE was estimated under different scenarios and the number of approach movements at each intersection. The results showed that for approaches with only one movement, PCE varies from 1.1 to 1.65. Similarly, for approaches with two and three movements, the PCE varies from 1.07 to 1.99 and from 0.76 to 3.6, respectively. In addition, a general model was developed for predicting PCE for intersections with all of the movements considered. The results obtained from this model showed that the average PCE of 1.5 is similar to the value recommended by the HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) 1985. However, the predicted PCE value of 1.9 for saturated threshold is closer to the PCE value of 2 which was recommended by the HCM 2000 and HCM 2010.

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