6. An Overview of Science, Hypothesis Testing, Experimental Design, and Inference

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing

scholarly journals Learning Inquiry by Applying the Principles of Fermentation to the Production of Yogurt

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 328-332
Author(s):  
Tahl Zimmerman ◽  
Tim Goetz ◽  
Salam A. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
School Students ◽  
Team Working ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Culturing Conditions

In an age-appropriate activity developed by a researcher-teacher team working together under the auspices of the American Chemical Science Coaches Program, middle school students at the Greensboro Montessori School (1) learned about the microbiological basis of fermentation, (2) learned about the chemical changes that take place during the fermentation of milk into yogurt, (3) applied this basic knowledge to designing and implementing experiments to test different conditions for culturing yogurt, (4) assessed the outcomes of different culturing conditions, and (5) developed a method for producing yogurt. This exercise includes hypothesis formulation, experimental design, and hypothesis testing and serves as an example of how empirically derived knowledge can be applied to the design of a food product.

scholarly journals Correction: Bayesian hypothesis testing and experimental design for two-photon imaging data

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e1007473
Author(s):  
Luke E. Rogerson ◽  
Zhijian Zhao ◽  
Katrin Franke ◽  
Thomas Euler ◽  
Philipp Berens
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Bayesian Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Photon Imaging ◽  
Two Photon Imaging

Factor Analysis as an Experimental Technique

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1289-1290
Author(s):  
A. C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Factor Space ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Factor analysis is not restricted to explanatory and classificatory studies but has its place as a hypothesis-testing experimental tool. A study in the field of experimental esthetics is briefly described. In this study, a set of orthogonal reference factors summarized the essential characteristics of a set of random ‘paintings.’ The vectors of Ss, who had ranked the paintings, were inserted into this factor space to test a prediction regarding differences in vector positions related to different experimental treatments. Two advantages of this type of experimental design over more usual classical procedures are suggested.

scholarly journals Bayesian hypothesis testing and experimental design for two-photon imaging data

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e1007205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke E. Rogerson ◽  
Zhijian Zhao ◽  
Katrin Franke ◽  
Thomas Euler ◽  
Philipp Berens
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Bayesian Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Photon Imaging ◽  
Two Photon Imaging

scholarly journals Model Pembelajaran Accelerated Learning Cycle Terhadap Self Concept Matematis Siswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-308
Author(s):  
Rahma Hayati Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Accelerated Learning ◽  
Learning Cycle ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Quasi Experimental

This research is motivated by the mathematical self-concept of students in learning mathematics is not yet formed with positive self concept and this is influenced by many factors, one of which is the teacher factor. A teacher must be able to create a learning atmosphere that is meaningful, fun, creative and dynamic through the use of appropriate learning models one of which is the learning model Accelerated Learning Cycle is a learning model that creates a learning process environment that is meaningful and promotes the emergence of positive emotions. The formulation of the problem is Is there a significant influence on the application of the accelerated learning cycle learning model to students' mathematical self-concepts? This research is a quantitative study using the Quasi-experimental method, the type of experimental design is the quasi experimental design method with the type of Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design in two different classes which are divided into experimental and control classes. class VII 3 totaling 31 students and VII 11 totaling 34 students. Then the data collection instrument was a questionnaire that was given twice, that is before being treated and after being treated. Analysis of the data used is descriptive and inferential statistical formulas namely normality test and hypothesis testing with paired sample t-test. In accordance with the hypothesis testing using the Paired Sample t-test, the value of t thitung = 37.177 is greater than ttabel = 2.03452 then according to the basis of decision making in the t test, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted at the 5% significance level (α = 0.05) this shows that there is a significant effect of the application of the accelerated learning cycle learning model to students' mathematical self-concepts

scholarly journals Towards better hypothesis tests in oxytocin research: Evaluating the validity of auxiliary assumptions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

Various factors have been attributed to the inconsistent reproducibility of human oxytocin research in the cognitive and behavioral sciences. These factors include small sample sizes, a lack of pre-registered studies, and the absence of overarching theoretical frameworks that can account for oxytocin’s effects over a broad range of contexts. While there have been efforts to remedy these issues, there has been very little systematic scrutiny of the role of auxiliary assumptions, which are claims that are not central for testing a hypothesis but nonetheless critical for testing theories. For instance, the hypothesis that oxytocin increases the salience of social cues is predicated on the assumption that intranasally administered oxytocin increases oxytocin levels in the brain. Without robust auxiliary assumptions, it is unclear whether a hypothesis testing failure is due to an incorrect hypothesis or weak auxiliary assumptions. Consequently, weak auxiliary assumptions can be blamed for hypothesis failure, thereby safeguarding theories from falsification. In this article, I will evaluate the body of evidence for key auxiliary assumptions in human behavioral oxytocin research in terms of theory, experimental design, and statistical inference, and highlight assumptions that require stronger evidence. Strong auxiliary assumptions will leave hypotheses vulnerable for falsification, which will improve hypothesis testing and consequently advance our understanding of oxytocin’s role in behavior and cognition.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF USING SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ON STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT AT GRADE EIGHT OF SMP MUHAMMADIYAH KENDARI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Demaulid Demaulid ◽  
Siam Siam ◽  
Wa Ode Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Question ◽  
T Test ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
High Category ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Vocabulary Achievement

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of using Scientifics Approach on Students’ vocabulary achievement at grade eight of SMP Muhammadiyah Kendari. The research question of this study was “Is there any significant effect in using of Scientific Approach to increase the students’ vocabulary achievement at grade eight of SMP Muhammadiyah Kendari?” The objective of the study was to find out data and information whether there is a significant effect in using of Scientific Approach to increase the students’ vocabulary achievement at grade eight of SMP Muhammadiyah Kendari. The design of study was a pre-experimental design. The sample of this study was taken by using random sampling which consisted of 30 students. The instrument of this study was vocabulary test which consisted 40 items. The result of the study showed that there was a significant effect in teaching vocabulary through the use of Scientific Approach at grade eight of SMP Muhammadiyah Kendari. The average of students’ vocabulary achievement before using Scientific Approach was 4.99 which is in low category. Meanwhile, the students’ vocabulary achievement after using Scientific Approach was 7.59 which is in high category. The result of hypothesis testing proves that t-test = 25.36 was higher than t-table = 2.04. This finding shows that in teaching vocabulary by using Scientific Approach improve students’ vocabulary achievement at grade eight of SMP Muhammadiyah Kendari.

scholarly journals An Association Rule General Analytic System (ARGAS) for hypothesis testing and data mining applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Parente
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Association Rule ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Alternative Method

<div>The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an Association Rule General Analytic System (ARGAS) versus the General Linear Model (GLM) for hypothesis testing. Results indicate that the ARGAS provides an better alternative method for testing hypotheses when the assumptions of the GLM are violated. The ARGAS approach can be used with any experimental design to which the GLM can be applied. ARGAS is free of the usual assumptions of the GLM. A second purpose of the study was to illustrate how the ARGAS can be used for hypothesis testing with commonly used experimental designs.</div><div><br></div><div> </div>

scholarly journals Microbial Biodiversity: Approaches to Experimental Design and Hypothesis Testing in Primary Scientific Literature from 1975 to 1999

2002 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy E. Morris ◽  
Marc Bardin ◽  
Odile Berge ◽  
Pascale Frey-Klett ◽  
Nathalie Fromin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Microbial Biodiversity ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tests Of Hypotheses

SUMMARY Research interest in microbial biodiversity over the past 25 years has increased markedly as microbiologists have become interested in the significance of biodiversity for ecological processes and as the industrial, medical, and agricultural applications of this diversity have evolved. One major challenge for studies of microbial habitats is how to account for the diversity of extremely large and heterogeneous populations with samples that represent only a very small fraction of these populations. This review presents an analysis of the way in which the field of microbial biodiversity has exploited sampling, experimental design, and the process of hypothesis testing to meet this challenge. This review is based on a systematic analysis of 753 publications randomly sampled from the primary scientific literature from 1975 to 1999 concerning the microbial biodiversity of eight habitats related to water, soil, plants, and food. These publications illustrate a dominant and growing interest in questions concerning the effect of specific environmental factors on microbial biodiversity, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of this biodiversity, and quantitative measures of population structure for most of the habitats covered here. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals that descriptions of sampling strategies or other information concerning the representativeness of the sample are often missing from publications, that there is very limited use of statistical tests of hypotheses, and that only a very few publications report the results of multiple independent tests of hypotheses. Examples are cited of different approaches and constraints to experimental design and hypothesis testing in studies of microbial biodiversity. To prompt a more rigorous approach to unambiguous evaluation of the impact of microbial biodiversity on ecological processes, we present guidelines for reporting information about experimental design, sampling strategies, and analyses of results in publications concerning microbial biodiversity.

scholarly journals Abtadi English Program to Improve the Production of Descriptive Texts in Peruvian Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6010-6024
Author(s):  
Abel Tapia- Díaz ◽  
Isabel Menacho- Vargas ◽  
Maribel Cubas- Díaz ◽  
Jenny Grados- Moreno ◽  
María Ysabel Huari- Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Evaluation Instrument ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
English Program ◽  
The Average Range

The purpose of the research was to determine to what extent the Abtadi strategy and collaborative learning improve the production of descriptive texts in English. It is a study with a quantitative approach, applied type and a quasi-experimental design, it had 82 students as a population, the evaluation instrument was a rubric, for hypothesis testing the Krukal Wallis statistic was used. Likewise, from the results of the hypothesis tests, it was obtained that the average range of the 3 groups are different and whose significance is .000, with p<0.05, it is interpreted that the researcher's hypothesis must be accepted. And consequently, it is inferred that the Abtadi strategy improves the production of descriptive texts in English and in their respective dimensions through G-suite for education, in this context of a global pandemic and remote teaching.

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