The Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on Smooth Muscles is Impacted by Broadband UV and LED UV and Blue Light

Due to their effects, similar to low-intensity therapy light sources such as light-emitting diodes (LED) and broadband spectrum lamps have recently become commonly used in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies, cancer, as well as ageing. Despite the proven positive effects of such therapies, deeper understanding of the light therapies’ biological effects remains unclear. Even more, the molecular mechanisms through which different neurotransmitters, namely serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), mediate the organism’s response to radiation are yet indistinct. In this paper, we present the design and development of a specialized system for irradiation of biological objects, which is composed of LED 365 nm and LED 470 nm and a broadband lamp source of UVA/B (350 nm) with intensity, power density and direction, which can be optimized experimentally. The system, named a “water organ bath (wob)”, is used in the current work to irradiate smooth muscle stomach strips of rats. The obtained results prove that the modulation of the spontaneous contractile smooth muscle activity and the potentiation of the effects of major neurotransmitters are executed by the emitted light. The probable explanation for the neurotransmitters photoactivation is that it is the resultant effect of electromagnetic radiation on intracellular enzymes signaling systems.

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Effect of pharmacologically induced smooth muscle activation on permeability in murine colitis

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1080/0962935031000096944 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 21-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Freek J. Zijlstra ◽

Marieke E. van Meeteren ◽

Ingrid M. Garrelds ◽

Maarten A.C. Meijssen

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Solution ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Distal Colon ◽

Mucosal Inflammation ◽

Smooth Muscle Relaxation ◽

Organ Bath

Background:Both intestinal permeability and contractility are altered in inflammatory bowel disease. Little is known about their mutual relation. Therefore, anin vitroorgan bath technique was developed to investigate the simultaneous effects of inflammation on permeability and smooth muscle contractility in different segments of the colon.Methods and materials:BALB/c mice were exposed to a 10% dextran sulphate sodium drinking water solution for 7 days to induce a mild colitis, while control mice received normal tap water. Intestinal segments were placed in an oxygenated organ bath containing Krebs buffer. Permeability was measured by the transport of the marker molecules3H-mannitol and14C-polyethyleneglycol 4000. Contractility was measured through a pressure sensor. Smooth muscle relaxation was obtained by salbutamol and l-phenylephrine, whereas contraction was achieved by carbachol and 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-biguanide.Results:The intensity of mucosal inflammation increased throughout the colon. Also, regional differences were observed in intestinal permeability. In both normal and inflamed distal colon segments, permeability was diminished compared with proximal colon segments and the non-inflamed ileum. Permeability in inflamed distal colon segments was significantly decreased compared with normal distal segments. Pharmacologically induced relaxation of smooth muscles did not affect this diminished permeability, although an increased motility positively affected permeability in inflamed and non-inflamed distal colon.Conclusions:Inflammation and permeability is inversely related. The use of pro-kinetics could counteract this disturbed permeability and, in turn, could regulate the disturbed production of inflammatory mediators.

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Identification of serotonergic (5HT1A-type) receptors in broiler small intestine by application of serotonin and its agonists and antagonists

Veterinarski glasnik ◽

10.2298/vetgl1102051m ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 65 (1-2) ◽

pp. 51-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Indira Mujezinovic ◽

Vitomir Cupic ◽

Ahmed Smajlovic ◽

Mehmed Muminovic

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Force Transducer ◽

Mechanical Activity ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Isolated Organ Bath ◽

Longitudinal Layer

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesised from L-tryptophan in serotonergic neurons and enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This neurotransmitter is widely distributed in the animal and plant kingdom and regulates some central and peripheral functions through several types of specific serotonergic (5-HT) receptors. Since it is known that the effect of serotonin, especially in pathological conditions, is very important, we believe that determining the types of receptors for this substance would make it possible to use their agonist or antagonists, which would undoubtedly enhance the pharmacotherapy of functional disruption of the small intestine in broilers. Investigations were carried out on isolated smooth muscle strips of the circular and longitudinal layer of the broiler small intestine (strip dimension 3-4 mm x 2 cm). The muscle strips were placed in an isolated organ bath. The mechanical activity of the preparations was recorded via an isotonic force transducer coupled to a pen recorder. This was done following the addition of serotonin (nonselective 5-HT agonist), 8-OH-DPAT (selective 5-HT1A agonist) and spiroxatrin (selective 5-HT1A antagonist). The sensitivity of the tissues to acetylcholine was tested before starting the experiments. Using the obtained results, it can be concluded that 5HT1A type receptors are present in smooth muscles of the broiler small intestine, duodenum and ileum, especially in the longitudinal smooth muscle layer which reacted with contractions even to low serotonin concentration (10-6), but not in the jejunum.

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Substrate and Product Dependence of Force and Shortening in Fast and Slow Smooth Muscle

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.117.5.407 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 407-418 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mia Löfgren ◽

Ulf Malmqvist ◽

Anders Arner

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Slow Muscle ◽

Taenia Coli ◽

Active Force ◽

Shortening Velocity ◽

Relative Population ◽

Cross Bridges ◽

Muscle Contractile

To explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for the variation in smooth muscle contractile kinetics, the influence of MgATP, MgADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) on force and shortening velocity in thiophosphorylated “fast” (taenia coli: maximal shortening velocity Vmax = 0.11 ML/s) and “slow” (aorta: Vmax = 0.015 ML/s) smooth muscle from the guinea pig were compared. Pi inhibited active force with minor effects on the Vmax. In the taenia coli, 20 mM Pi inhibited force by 25%. In the aorta, the effect was markedly less (<10%), suggesting differences between fast and slow smooth muscles in the binding of Pi or in the relative population of Pi binding states during cycling. Lowering of MgATP reduced force and Vmax. The aorta was less sensitive to reduction in MgATP (Km for Vmax: 80 μM) than the taenia coli (Km for Vmax: 350 μM). Thus, velocity is controlled by steps preceding the ATP binding and cross-bridge dissociation, and a weaker binding of ATP is not responsible for the lower Vmax in the slow muscle. MgADP inhibited force and Vmax. Saturating concentrations of ADP did not completely inhibit maximal shortening velocity. The effect of ADP on Vmax was observed at lower concentrations in the aorta compared with the taenia coli, suggesting that the ADP binding to phosphorylated and cycling cross-bridges is stronger in slow compared with fast smooth muscle.

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Involvement of the Tyr Kinase/JNK Pathway in Carbachol-induced Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction in the Rat

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0b013e318286d0ae ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 118 (5) ◽

pp. 1076-1085 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hiroyasu Sakai ◽

Yu Watanabe ◽

Mai Honda ◽

Rika Tsuiki ◽

Yusuke Ueda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Muscle Contraction ◽

Kinase Inhibitors ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Bronchial Smooth Muscle ◽

Jnk Pathway ◽

Circular Smooth Muscle ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein

Abstract Background: Tyrosine (Tyr) kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases have been thought to participate in the contractile response in various smooth muscles. The aim of the current study was to investigate the involvement of the Tyr kinase pathway in the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. Methods: Ring preparations of bronchi isolated from rats were suspended in an organ bath. Isometric contraction of circular smooth muscle was measured. Immunoblotting was used to examine the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinasess (JNKs) in bronchial smooth muscle. Results: To examine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase(s) in bronchial smooth muscle contraction, the effects of MPAK inhibitors were investigated in this study. The contraction induced by carbachol (CCh) was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with selective Tyr kinase inhibitors (genistein and ST638, n = 6, respectively), and a JNK inhibitor (SP600125, n = 6). The contractions induced by high K+ depolarization (n = 4), orthovanadate (a potent Tyr phosphatase inhibitor) and sodium fluoride (a G protein activator; NaF) were also significantly inhibited by selective Tyr kinase inhibitors and a JNK inhibitor (n = 4, respectively). However, the contraction induced by calyculin-A was not affected by SP600125. On the other hand, JNKs were phosphorylated by CCh (2.2 ± 0,4 [mean±SEM] fold increase). The JNK phosphorylation induced by CCh was significantly inhibited by SP600125 (n = 4). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Tyr kinase/JNK pathway may play a role in bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Strategies to inhibit JNK activation may represent a novel therapeutic approach for diseases involving airway obstruction, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Leptin induces a contracting effect on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle via the Ob-R receptor mechanism: novel evidence

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2019-0605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

pp. 810-817

Author(s):

Aamir Magzoub ◽

Mohammed Al-Ayed ◽

Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh ◽

Mohamed Shafiuddin Habeeb ◽

Khalid Al-Shaibary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Guinea Pig ◽

Leptin Receptor ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Tracheal Smooth Muscle ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Data Acquisition Software ◽

Passive Sensitization ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential contracting effect of leptin on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle (TSM), the possible mechanism, and the impact of epithelium denudation or allergen sensitization, respectively. An in vitro experiment investigated the effect of leptin at a concentration of 250–1000 nmol/L on isolated guinea pig TSM with an intact or denuded epithelium. Ovalbumin and IgE were used to test the impact of active and passive sensitization. The isolated TSM strips were incubated in Krebs solution and aerated with carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) via an automated tissue organ bath system (n = 4 for each group). Isometric contractions were recorded digitally using iox2 data acquisition software. The possible mechanism of leptin-induced TSM contraction was examined by preincubation with leptin receptor (Ob-R) antagonist. Leptin had significant concentration-dependent contraction effects on guinea pig TSM (p < 0.05). Epithelium denuding and active or passive sensitization significantly increased the potency of the leptin. Preincubation with a leptin receptor (Ob-R) antagonist significantly reduced the contraction effects, suggesting an Ob-R-mediated mechanism. Leptin had a contracting effect on airway smooth muscles potentiated by either epithelium denuding or sensitization, and the Ob-R mechanism was a possible effect mediator.

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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Primary Adipose Stromal Cells Induce Elastin and Collagen Deposition by Smooth Muscle Cells within 3D Fibrin Gel Culture

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering8050051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Eoghan M. Cunnane ◽

Aneesh K. Ramaswamy ◽

Katherine L. Lorentz ◽

David A. Vorp ◽

Justin S. Weinbaum

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Protein Quantification ◽

Elastic Fibers ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Adipose Derived Stromal Cells

Macromolecular components of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly elastic fibers and collagen fibers, are critical for the proper physiological function of arteries. When the unique biomechanical combination of these fibers is disrupted, or in the ultimate extreme where fibers are completely lost, arterial disease can emerge. Bioengineers in the realms of vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine must therefore ideally consider how to create tissue engineered vascular grafts containing the right balance of these fibers and how to develop regenerative treatments for situations such as an aneurysm where fibers have been lost. Previous work has demonstrated that the primary cells responsible for vascular ECM production during development, arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), can be induced to make new elastic fibers when exposed to secreted factors from adipose-derived stromal cells. To further dissect how this signal is transmitted, in this study, the factors were partitioned into extracellular vesicle (EV)-rich and EV-depleted fractions as well as unseparated controls. EVs were validated using electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and protein quantification before testing for biological effects on SMCs. In 2D culture, EVs promoted SMC proliferation and migration. After 30 days of 3D fibrin construct culture, EVs promoted SMC transcription of the elastic microfibril gene FBN1 as well as SMC deposition of insoluble elastin and collagen. Uniaxial biomechanical properties of strand fibrin constructs were no different after 30 days of EV treatment versus controls. In summary, it is apparent that some of the positive effects of adipose-derived stromal cells on SMC elastogenesis are mediated by EVs, indicating a potential use for these EVs in a regenerative therapy to restore the biomechanical function of vascular ECM in arterial disease.

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Muscarinic excitation-contraction coupling mechanisms in tracheal and bronchial smooth muscles

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1142 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 1142-1151 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Luke J. Janssen ◽

Jennifer Wattie ◽

Hwa Lu-Chao ◽

Tracy Tazzeo

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Airway Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscles ◽

Rho Kinase ◽

Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽

Organ Bath ◽

Excitation Contraction Coupling ◽

Contraction Coupling ◽

Coupling Mechanisms ◽

Sustained Responses

We investigated the mechanisms underlying muscarinic excitation-contraction coupling in canine airway smooth muscle using organ bath, fura 2 fluorimetric, and patch-clamp techniques. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) augmented the responses to submaximal muscarinic stimulation in both tracheal (TSM) and bronchial smooth muscles (BSM), consistent with disruption of the barrier function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. During maximal stimulation, however, CPA evoked substantial relaxation in TSM but not BSM. CPA reversal of carbachol tone persisted in the presence of tetraethylammoium or high KCl, suggesting that hyperpolarization is not involved; CPA relaxations were absent in tissues preconstricted with KCl alone or by permeabilization with β-escin, ruling out a nonspecific effect on the contractile apparatus. Peak contractions were sensitive to inhibitors of tyrosine kinase (genistein) or Rho kinase (Y-27632). Sustained responses were dependent on Ca2+influx in TSM but not BSM; this influx was sensitive to Ni2+ but not La3+. In conclusion, there are several mechanisms underlying excitation-contraction coupling in airway smooth muscle, the relative importance of which varies depending on tissue and degree of stimulation.

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Furbellow (Brown Algae) Extract Increases Lifespan in Drosophila by Interfering with TOR-Signaling

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1172

Author(s):

Yang Li ◽

Renja Romey-Glüsing ◽

Navid Tahan Zadeh ◽

Jakob von Frieling ◽

Julia Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Signaling ◽

Brown Algae ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Tor Signaling ◽

Signaling Systems ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Saccorhiza Polyschides ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Algal Products

Algal products are well known for their health promoting effects. Nonetheless, an in depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still only fragmentary. Here, we show that aqueous furbelow extracts (brown algae, Saccorhiza polyschides) lengthen the life of both sexes of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster substantially, if used as nutritional additives to conventional food. This life prolonging effect became even more pronounced in the presence of stressors, such as high-fat dieting of living under drought conditions. Application of the extracts did not change food intake, excretion, or other major physiological parameters. Nevertheless, effects on the intestinal microbiota were observed, leading to an increased species richness, which is usually associated with healthy conditions. Lifespan extension was not observed in target of rapamycin (TOR)-deficient animals, implying that functional TOR signaling is necessary to unfold the positive effects of brown algae extract (BAE) on this important trait. The lack of life lengthening in animals with deregulated TOR signaling exclusively targeted to body fat showed that this major energy storage organ is instrumental for transmitting these effects. In addition, expression of Imaginal morphogenesis protein-Late 2 (Imp-L2), an effective inhibitor of insulin signaling implies that BAE exerts their positive effects through interaction with the tightly interwoven TOR- and insulin-signaling systems, although insulin levels were not directly affected by this intervention.

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Androgen receptor in human endothelial cells

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-14-0611 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 224 (3) ◽

pp. R131-R137 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Verónica Torres-Estay ◽

Daniela V Carreño ◽

Ignacio F San Francisco ◽

Paula Sotomayor ◽

Alejandro S Godoy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Transcription Factor ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Androgen Receptor ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Human Endothelial Cells ◽

Retinoid Receptor ◽

Wide Range

Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-inducible transcription factor, and a member of the steroid-thyroid-retinoid receptor superfamily, that mediates the biological effects of androgens in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. AR expression was identified in vascular cells nearly 20 years ago, and recent research has shown that AR mediates a variety of actions of androgens in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this mini-review, we review evidence indicating the importance of AR in human endothelial cell (HUVEC) homeostatic and pathogenic processes. Although a role for AR in the modulation of HUVEC biology is evident, the molecular mechanisms by which AR regulates HUVEC homeostasis and disease processes are not fully understood. Understanding these mechanisms could provide critical insights into the processes of pathogenesis of diseases ranging from cardiovascular disease to cancer that are major causes of human morbidity and mortality.

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