scholarly journals Professionals and Volunteers: The Importance of Recognising Diversification in the Healthcare Division of Labour

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Saks ◽  
Marianne Van Bochove
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Closure ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Health Occupations ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Healthcare It ◽  
Health Support

In sociological research on relationships between professionals and volunteers, professionals are often contrasted with volunteers as abstracted, distinct and homogeneous groups. Focusing on healthcare in selected modern societies, and adopting a neo-Weberian and complementary boundary work perspective, this essay argues the landscape is more complex than between paid groups with exclusionary social closure and the unwaged in the market. First, diversification exists within health professions themselves based on social closure, with hierarchies and differential scopes of practice. Second, unpaid volunteers vary in responsibility depending on factors like employment sector and social background, including qualifications and experience. Third, in the paid workforce, there are interstitial non-professionalised health occupations, such as the neglected, lower educated health support workers, forming the largest, most heterogeneous healthcare labour force. Drawing on studies of healthcare, it is argued that recognising the diversification and interplay between professionals, volunteers and support workers is vital for enhancing health policy.

scholarly journals Women in the Margins: Media Representations of Women's Labour in the Canadian Press, 1935-1945

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Moniz
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
War Effort

During the Second World War, women’s participation in Canada’s ‘total war’ effort meant increased domestic responsibilities, volunteering, enlisting in the armed forces, and joining the civilian workforce. Women’s labour force participation more than doubled throughout the war, with more women working alongside and in place of men than ever before. This created a situation that could challenge the traditional sexual division of labour, and so women’s labour became a subject for discussion in the public sphere. Through a comparative content analysis of the commercial and alternative (labour) press, this study examines representations of women’s labour in wartime in the context of women’s mobilization into the war effort through to subsequent demobilization near war’s end. It first considers the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the historical study of news media and women and then offers original empirical research to demonstrate that when women’s labour did emerge as a subject in the Canadian press, gender, not labour, was prioritized in the news. This was symbolically and systematically leveraged both within and across the commercial and alternative press, which reinforces stereotypical values about women and their labour and upheld the patriarchal status quo. In the end, while there were surface-level changes to the nature of women’s paid labour during the war, the structures of female subordination and exploitation remained unchallenged despite women’s massive mobilization into the workforce. By setting media representations against the wartime realities of women’s labour told through archival records and secondary literature, this dissertation argues that news media generally presented a ‘history’ of women’s labour that did not reflect the lived reality or the political economic and social significance of women’s labouring lives. This not only coloured how women’s labour was represented in the news, but it can also shape the history that scholars construct from the newspaper. In contributing to feminist media and media history scholarship, this dissertation offers empirical evidence that challenges dominant ways of thinking about women’s history in terms of the domestic sphere and furthers an understanding of women’s wage labour as a provocation to such historical public-private divisions. This may, in turn, inspire histories that more fully and equitably capture women’s experiences.

From Here to Maternity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Post Natal Depression ◽  
First Time

The author of this book is a pioneer in the field of sociological research. In this classic re-issue, the author interviewed 60 women to find out what it is really like to have a baby. Covering pregnancy, birth and child care, the book relies on the stories mothers tell to discuss whether and why women want to become pregnant, how they imagine motherhood to be, the experience of birth, post-natal depression, feeding and caring routines, and the challenges for the domestic division of labour and to fathers. It shows that most women are unprepared for the birth or the work of caring for a baby, but also for the joys that a baby can bring. As topical today as the day it was written, this important book was the first to examine first-time motherhood in the words of those experiencing it, and it continues to influence generations of researchers today.

The influence of wax deprivation on temporal polyethism in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1997-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Fergusson ◽  
Mark L. Winston
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Gland ◽  
Temporal Polyethism ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Comb Building ◽  
Bee Colonies

Various levels of wax deprivation in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies induced shifts in the temporal pattern of division of labour in worker honey bees. The most extreme wax stress induced an earlier onset of foraging, and an increase in comb building and the production of wax scales. Moderate wax stress induced only an increase in comb building and production of wax scales. No significant differences in development of hypopharyngeal gland acinal diameter were found, suggesting that production of wax and brood food and associated behaviour patterns develop and decline independently. The graded changes in behavioural response to various levels of stress found in this study support the concept of a reserve labour force in honey bee colonies, which can respond to stress through shifts in caste ontogeny.

scholarly journals Gender Relations in Singapore Malay Dual-Income Households: (Un)Changing Views and Practices

ICR Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-115
Author(s):  
Suriani Suratman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Relations ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
External Support ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Care Giving ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dual Income

Over the last four decades the labour-force participation rate of women in Southeast Asia has been steadily increasing. While gender relations are changing in the public sphere as more women play dominant roles in the employment sector, whether gender relations in the domestic sphere are changing is rather ambiguous. In this article, the author looks at gender relations in Singapore Malay dual-income households. She shows that there are existing cultural perceptions of Malays regarding the roles of women and men in the family: i.e. women see to care-giving and men see to breadwinning. She also argues that parallels of this perception can be found at the state level as well. The Singapore government too is of the view that the primary caregiver in the family is the woman. The author illustrates this by using the example of the discourse on the ‘supermom’ in Singapore to show the government’s expectations of women’s role as mother. There is external support which makes Malay women affirm their maternal role. In conclusion, the author suggests that Malay women’s and men’s decisions around the division of labour must be conceived within the wider framework of society. Explanations for persistence of unequal division of labour in Malay dual-income households must take into account state views of gender roles.  

Education Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 592-613
Author(s):  
Héctor Cebolla-Boado
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Training Programmes

In the European context, Spain is a late modernizer, which experienced a delayed educational expansion. However, after 1970, and especially after the restoration of democracy in 1978, the Spanish education system completed its expansion and modernized significantly, converging with its neighbours on most outcomes related to the quality of education. Notwithstanding remarkable levels of stability of institutional design and framework policies, it is widely believed that education in Spain is subject to constant political reforms. This is partly explained by the frequent use of education in political and electoral debates, and, particularly, by the overrepresentation in public debates of a limited repertoire of normative and organizational aspects of educational policies. While the current education system in Spain has achieved a high level of quality combined with low levels of educational inequality by social background when compared with other developed countries, there are secular problems that need to be addressed, particularly the reform of teacher selection, training programmes, and careers; modernization of school curricula; adaptation of pedagogical innovations; rationalization of retakes; and diversification of tracks to offer less successful students an alternative and prevent early dropout. This chapter describes this transformation and problematizes key educational reforms in Spain, focusing on the democratic period, using different international datasets including PISA (OECD, several years), PIACC (OECD 2016), TIMSS, and PIRLS (IEA, several years), the European Social Survey as well as several national sources of data including the Spanish General Social Survey (CIS 2013) and the Labour Force Survey (several years).

scholarly journals Female Workers’ Skills, Wages, and Householding in Bangladesh’s Readymade Garment Industry: The Case of a Japanese Multinational Company

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
Hanako Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Garment Workers ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Japanese Companies ◽  
Low Wages

The economic relationship between Japan and Bangladesh has grown stronger since the global financial crisis of 2008, with Bangladesh being identified as ‘China plus one’ by the Japanese companies. These companies have accordingly begun transferring the capital from China to Bangladesh to avoid political and social risks in China. This article examines the skills, wages, and householding of female Bangladeshi readymade garment workers, focussing on a Japanese multinational company’s international transfers and business activities in Bangladesh since the global financial crisis. This study yielded three main findings. First, it identified the structure of the division of labour involved in the production of pairs of short pants exported to Japan. Second, it compared 20 female operators’ wage assessments to those of the overall labour force, based on their skills and experience, and pointed out ambiguous and unfounded issues caused by the gender-asymmetrical workforce deployment of Bangladeshi factories. This gender-asymmetrical system is responsible for Bangladeshi female workers’ low wages. Finally, despite their low wages, the analyzed Bangladeshi women were found to share multiple household reproduction costs through remittances and perform most of the housework and care work in the household. JEL: B54, F23, F66, O53

Support Workers and the Health Professions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Support ◽  
Sociology Of Health

This edited text is the second in the series entitled the Sociology of Health Professions: Future International Directions, published by Policy Press. It consists of eleven chapters covering several different aspects of support work and its relationship to the health professions, illustrated with reference to a wide range of different countries. Its importance is underlined by the relative lack of attention given to date to the diverse span of health support workers, in light of their growing significance in harness with the health professions in providing care to an increasingly ageing population in the modern world. The special significance of this collection, introduced by Mike Saks as editor, is that the various expert international contributions are brought together in the first social science book produced on the part played by support workers in conjunction with health professions in providing health care to users and their carers. This has crucial ramifications for well being in all modern societies. The support workforce and its place in the health care division of labour have too often been invisible in the past. However, this book, written from a neo-Weberian perspective, enhances our academic understanding of the role of support workers and helps to inform policy making in this critical field.

scholarly journals La population de la Côte-Nord

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 157-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bussières
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
South Shore

The history of the settlement of the North Shore region of the Gulf St. Lawrence can be divided into five stages : the periodical visits of Basque and Breton fishermen from the XIV th to the XVII th century ; the repeated concessions from 1653 to about 1820 of coast sectors to companies, such as the Hudson Bay Co., and merchants of Québec who hold exclusive rights of occupation and exploitation ; the foundation of most of the existing agglomerations between 1836 and 1865 when settlers gather around sawmills between Tadoussac and Baie-Trinité and fishermen from the south shore of the Gulf, the Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland and the Channel Islands, sometimes after a long association with the exploitation of the coastal fisheries, establish some 20 hamlets and villages between Sept-lies and Blanc-Sablon ; the consolidation of the population, parallel to the growth of the pulp and paper industry up to the advent of the second world war ; the mass immigration brought about by the mining developments in the 1950's. Various conditions have influenced the distribution of the population and given rise to different types of settlement. These conditions have been : the hold of the wood and pulp companies on the land and the labour force, the absence of industrial diversification in any one sector of the region or, in other words, the over-specialization of the economic activities, the proper requirements of those activities, the particular conditions of the land tenure and of the lot structure and, to a lesser extent, the social background of the immigrants. The settlement outlook is thus as follows. From Tadoussac to Natashquan, the habitat is differenciated : the largest communities have grown at the points of transhipment where man and merchandise journey to and fro, that is near deep sheltered bays ; the villages depending on the export of pulpwood are all sited at the mouth of the rivers and show small but dense concentrations of population ; when agriculture dominates, the « rang » System of rural settlement is prevalent ; below Sept-lies, the population concerned with fishing bas settled in small nuclei at short distance from its fisheries. From Kegashka to Blanc-Sablon, the inhabitants are individualistic, dwell on Crown Lands — often as squatters — and keep jealously to their self-appropriated fishing spots, whence their dispersion. In the backcountry, the mining towns of Schefferville, Wabush, Labrador and Gagnon bear witness of the conceptions that presided to their elaboration.

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