Getting Ahead

Teen Spirit ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
Paul Howe
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adolescent Society ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter assesses how the pervasive influence of the adolescent character provides insight into the workings of another sector of modern life relevant to us all: the economy. Less of a collective undertaking than politics, economic activity is guided primarily by individual decisions and actions in the free market system; so many of the relevant effects are seen first and foremost at the individual level. But these individual effects can multiply and cascade to generate patterns that do have important consequences for the general economic and social fabric. Emotions, misperceptions, intangible costs and benefits, influenced in many instances by underlying character traits, lead people to act in ways that the traditional models do not anticipate. As in other fields, it is only recently that some researchers have started to link personality to economic behavior in interesting and enlightening ways to dig deeper into what makes people tick when it comes to economic decision making and activity. When we combine some of these findings with ideas about the changing contours of character in the adolescent society, we can develop new understandings of some of the more salient economic trends of the past number of years.

Chinese culture, materialism and corporate supply of trade credit

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Chen ◽  
Jakob Arnoldi ◽  
Xin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Trade Credits ◽  
The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how cultural value in materialism affects corporate supply of trade credits. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 14,710 firm-year observations of Chinese listed firms from 1998 to 2012, the authors examine the influence of regional materialism on accounts receivable. Findings The authors find that listed firms within more materialistic tend to extend less trade credit to their customers, in particular in long-term categories of trade credit. Such negative effects can be significantly mitigated by state control, suggesting the effects are more pronounced in privately controlled listed firms. The negative effects of materialism still hold after controlling for other regional factors, such as trust, GDP per capita or institutional development. Research limitations/implications The authors show materialism as a cultural construct varies across Chinese regions, and it could have important impact on corporate supply of trade credits, besides the previous found effects on consumer use of credit. Originality/value This paper expands the literature about the influence of materialism on economic decision making from the individual level to the corporate level.

“Reinventing the wheel, over and over again”. organizational learning, memory and forgetting in doing diversity work

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke van den Brink
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Diversity Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance knowledge of organizational change towards diversity by bringing together concepts from organizational learning and diversity studies. Design/methodology/approach This longitudinal study was conducted over two years. It involved interviews, observation of meetings and consultation of documentation and the analysis focused on organizational learning. The key research question was how do organizational members institutionalize their individual learning process to change in organizational cultures, routines and structures in a sustainable way? Findings The results showed that there had been learning at the individual level but this did not necessarily mean that participants had been able to transfer their learning into behaviour change. Research limitations/implications The research suggested that training alone may not be sufficient to promote effective organizational change regarding diversity. Additional measures are likely to be required, for example, including diversity targets in performance management plans and reviews. Practical implications In order to achieve greater diversity, organizations are likely to need to use a number of methods to supplement initial training. Social implications This research gives insight into how greater diversity may be achieved in organizations. Originality/value Previous literature understates the complexity of the change processes for enhanced diversity to be sustained in organizations. This study has originality in its focus on organizational learning.

The Individual Level: Selection Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
Diane C. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Slow Onset ◽  
Governance Arrangements

This chapter contributes to the explanation to how environmental migrants are ‘selected’ at the individual and small group level. It argues that individual decisions to migrate depend on the type of environmental change. The author distinguishes between sudden onset environmental problems (e.g. natural disasters) and slow onset environmental problems (e.g. climate change). Sudden onsets make push factors more important- They give migrants less power over their decision to migrate, and therefore include more vulnerable population groups. On the contrary, slow onset events create opportunities for individual agency. Governance can play an important role as it can influence migration and environmental change, especially on the local and state level. The author argues that democratic governance arrangements confer agency to individuals and non-democratic governance delimits it. Moreover, the management of sudden onsets in the short run can be more effective in non-democratic governance, while slow onset environmental changes call for democratic governance arrangements.

scholarly journals Is the true ‘wisdom of the crowd’ to copy successful individuals?

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. King ◽  
Lawrence Cheng ◽  
Sandra D. Starke ◽  
Julia P. Myatt
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
True Value ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Individual

Diversity of expertise at an individual level can increase intelligence at a collective level—a type of swarm intelligence (SI) popularly known as the ‘wisdom of the crowd’. However, this requires independent estimates (rare in the real world owing to the availability of public information) and contradicts people's bias for copying successful individuals. To explain these inconsistencies, 429 people took part in a ‘guess the number of sweets’ exercise. Guesses made with no public information were diverse, resulting in highly accurate SI. Individuals with access to the previous guess, mean guess or a randomly chosen guess, tended to over-estimate the number of sweets and this undermined SI. However, when people were provided with the current best guess, this prevented very large (inaccurate) guesses, resulting in convergence of guesses towards the true value and accurate SI across a range of group sizes. Thus, contrary to previous work, we show that social influence need not undermine SI, especially where individual decisions are made sequentially and then aggregated. Furthermore, we offer an explanation for why people have a bias to recruit and follow experts in team settings: copying successful individuals can enable accuracy at both the individual and group level, even at small group sizes.

The impact of overeducated and undereducated workers on establishment-level productivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Grunau
Keyword(s):  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Mismatch ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hr Management ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose – Many contributions to the educational mismatch literature address the productivity effects of both excess and deficit educational attainments for workers at the individual level. Due to the limited transferability of their results to establishment-level performance, especially when allowing for the possibility of spillover effects from mismatched workers to their well-matched colleagues, from an employer’s point of view, it is highly important to know the net effect of educationally mismatched employees on productivity at the establishment level. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyses the impact of overeducated and undereducated workers among an establishment’s workforce on its productivity, providing first representative evidence for Germany. Using linked employer-employee data from Germany, the author estimates dynamic panel production functions using a system GMM estimator. Findings – The author finds that undereducated workers among an establishment’s workforce impair its (establishment-level) productivity, implying that an establishment’s HR management should avoid the recruitment of undereducated workers, at least if they follow a short-term personnel policy. The effect for overeducated employees is also negative, albeit small and insignificant. Originality/value – The consideration of the phenomena of over and undereducation from the employer’s point of view provides further insight into the consequences of educational mismatch.

scholarly journals Summary of the IADR Cariology Research, Craniofacial Biology, and Mineralized Tissue Groups Symposium, Iguaçu Falls, Brazil, June 2012: Gene-environment Interactions and Epigenetics in Oral Diseases: Enamel Formation and its Clinical Impact on Tooth Defects, Caries, and Erosion

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Modesto ◽  
Ophir Klein ◽  
Livia M.A. Tenuta ◽  
Raquel F. Gerlach ◽  
Alexandre R. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Mineralized Tissue ◽  
Enamel Formation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Craniofacial Biology ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Characteristics of enamel may influence or modulate individual susceptibility to caries and erosion. These characteristics are defined during development, which is under strict genetic control, but can easily be modified in many ways by environmental factors. In the symposium, translational aspects of embryology, biochemistry, and genetics of amelogenesis were presented. The symposium provided unique insight into how basic sciences integrate with clinically relevant problems. The need for improved understanding of risks at the individual level, taking into consideration both environmental exposures and genetic background, was presented. The symposium was divided into four stepwise and interconnected topics as follows:  1) The Many Faces of Enamel Development; 2) Enamel Pathogenesis: Biochemistry Lessons; 3) Environmental Factors on Enamel Formation; and, 4) Genetic Variation in Enamel Formation Genes.

scholarly journals Beyond duty hours: leveraging large-scale paging data to monitor resident workload

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kaushal ◽  
Laurence Katznelson ◽  
Robert A. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Data Streams ◽  
Data Stream ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Internal Medicine Residency Program ◽  
Duty Hours ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Hospital Operations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Monitoring and managing resident workload is a cornerstone of policy in graduate medical education, and the duty hours metric is the backbone of current regulations. While the duty hours metric measures hours worked, it does not capture differences in intensity of work completed during those hours, which may independently contribute to fatigue and burnout. Few such metrics exist. Digital data streams generated during the usual course of hospital operations can serve as a novel source of insight into workload intensity by providing high-resolution, minute-by-minute data at the individual level; however, study and use of these data streams for workload monitoring has been limited to date. Paging data is one such data stream. In this work, we analyze over 500,000 pages—two full years of pages in an academic internal medicine residency program—to characterize paging patterns among housestaff. We demonstrate technical feasibility, validity, and utility of paging burden as a metric to provide insight into resident workload beyond duty hours alone, and illustrate a general framework for evaluation and incorporation of novel digital data streams into resident workload monitoring.

scholarly journals John Deakin Heaton and the ‘elusive civic pride of the Victorian middle class’

Urban History ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civic Pride ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT:Civic pride is rarely studied at the individual level. The journals of Dr John Deakin Heaton provide a unique insight into the motivations of a man linked to many institutions and civic sites of Leeds, celebrated by historians as a progenitor of its famous town hall and the city's first university. This article uses those journals to investigate the matrix of family honour, Anglicanism and professional identity, tempered by self-interest, underpinning Heaton's desire to improve his native town. Its conclusions further justify the recent historiographical emphasis on associational culture and ritual in the study of urban governance.

scholarly journals Disclosure of payments by pharmaceutical companies to healthcare professionals in the UK: analysis of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry’s Disclosure UK database, 2015 and 2016 cohorts

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e023094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Mulinari ◽  
Piotr Ozieranski
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
Consent Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

ObjectivesTo analyse the section of Disclosure UK that pertains to healthcare professionals (HCPs) in order to provide insight into the database’s structure and content and suggest ways to improve its transparency.Design and participantsCohort study of drug companies and HCPs in the 2015 and 2016 versions of Disclosure UK.ResultsCompanies report transfers of value (ToVs) to named HCPs or, where an HCP declines to consent, in aggregate. Only a limited number of variables describe the recipient HCP and the ToV, precluding refined analyses. In 2015, 107 companies reported 54 910 ToVs worth ₤50 967 728. In 2016, 109 companies reported ToVs but spending decreased by 7.3%. The spending was concentrated: the top 10 spenders reported about 50% of the total value, with consultancy-related payments comprising over 70%, and the rest being costs for events. In 2015, 55.5% (30 478) of ToVs worth ₤24 428 619 (47.9%) were disclosed at the individual HCP level, increasing to 64.5% (32 407) and ₤28 145 091 (59.2%) in 2016. Despite increased individual-level disclosure in 2016, the median number of ToVs reported by each company at the individual level was only 57.7%, with 25% of companies reporting less than 38.6%. We found little agreement (62%–48% in 2015 and 46%–30% in 2016) between HCP consent rates that we calculated based on information in the database and those provided by companies.ConclusionsKey deficiencies in Disclosure UK include: insufficient information on payments and recipients, a relatively low HCP consent rate for individual-level disclosure, differences in consent rates across companies and payment types, and reporting ambiguities or inconsistencies. We employ these findings to develop recommendations for improving transparency, including an easily interpretable consent rate statistic that allows for comparison across years, firms and countries. If deficiencies remain unresolved, the UK should consider introducing legislation requiring mandatory disclosure to allow for adequate tracking of industry payments.

scholarly journals DyEgoVis: Visual Exploration of Dynamic Ego-Network Evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2399
Author(s):  
Kun Fu ◽  
Tingyun Mao ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Daoyu Lin ◽  
Yuanben Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Visual Exploration ◽  
Visualization System ◽  
Ego Networks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
2D Space ◽  
Insight Into

Ego-network, which can describe relationships between a focus node (i.e., ego) and its neighbor nodes (i.e., alters), often changes over time. Exploring dynamic ego-networks can help users gain insight into how each ego interacts with and is influenced by the outside world. However, most of the existing methods do not fully consider the multilevel analysis of dynamic ego-networks, resulting in some evolution information at different granularities being ignored. In this paper, we present an interactive visualization system called DyEgoVis which allows users to explore the evolutions of dynamic ego-networks at global, local and individual levels. At the global level, DyEgoVis reduces dynamic ego-networks and their snapshots to 2D points to reveal global patterns such as clusters and outliers. At the local level, DyEgoVis projects all snapshots of the selected dynamic ego-networks onto a 2D space to identify similar or abnormal states. At the individual level, DyEgoVis utilizes a novel layout method to visualize the selected dynamic ego-network so that users can track, compare and analyze changes in the relationships between the ego and alters. Through two case studies on real datasets, we demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of DyEgoVis.

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