Establishment of the Jewish Order Service

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Person
Keyword(s):  
Police Force ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Security Guard ◽  
General Government ◽  
Set Up

This chapter introduces Adam Czerniaków, chairman of the Jewish Council (Judenrat) in Warsaw, who was ordered to establish a “Jewish Order Service.” It explains that the Jewish police force was considered the Jewish equivalent of the Polish Police of the General Government, known as the Blue Police. It also highlights the Jewish Order Service in Warsaw and several other ghettos that was based on an already existing paramilitary organization, the Security Guard of the Judenrat's Labor Battalion. The chapter reviews the Labor Battalion that was established at the Judenrat at the end of 1939 to facilitate the delivery of German-imposed quota of workers for forced labor. It elaborates the establishment of the Jewish Order Service, which was set up by the Judenrat to satisfy the demands of the German authorities and provide the impoverished population with the opportunity to earn a living.

Bełżec

2000 ◽  
pp. 268-289
Author(s):  
Rudolf Reder
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Death Camp ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Considerable Detail

This chapter looks at the testimony of Rudolf Reder, a survivor of Bełżec death camp. Bełżec murder camp was the first camp set up by Aktion Reinhard, an operation whose purpose was to dispose, in the least obtrusive manner, of the Jewish population of the General Government and adjacent countries under Nazi rule. Into this camp, Rudolf Reder was brought with one of the first transports of Jews from Lemberg caught during the great Aktion. Reder arrived in Bełżec at the height of the camp's activity. Because of his position as odd-job man, he was allowed considerable freedom of movement. He was therefore able to describe the camp, its installations, and its functioning in considerable detail. But his story is also the deeply harrowing account of someone who witnessed with horror the slaughter of innocents which went on day after day. And this, together with the relevant details which, without his description, might have remained forever obscure, make Reder's booklet, Bełżec (1946), a unique document of this terrible but little-known chapter in the history of the Holocaust.

Reforms in the Police Forces

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-177
Author(s):  
Joshua N. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Police Force ◽  
System P ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Level ◽  
Police System ◽  
Police Forces

The Indian police force or the police system is an organization that is absolute in its institution. Thus it has been a big challenge to bring in a long-lasting and meaningful reforms in the system. This chapter discusses various reforms and recommendations by a number of committees set up in order to reform the Indian police system. There have been many high-level committees established, headed by eminent jurists, reformers, bureaucrats, and so on, to bring reforms in the system.

scholarly journals Who Needs Critical Friends? Independent Advisory Groups in the Age of the Police and Crime Commissioner

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 686-697
Author(s):  
Bill Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Critical Friends ◽  
Advisory Groups ◽  
Black Teenager ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Police Forces

Abstract In the early 2000s, many police forces in England and Wales set up independent advisory groups (IAGs) following an inquiry into the flawed investigation of the murder of a black teenager, Stephen Lawrence, by London's Metropolitan Police. Members of IAGs were to act as critical friends of the police providing independent advice on policies, procedures and practices, thus ensuring that no section of their local community was disadvantaged through a lack of understanding, ignorance or mistaken beliefs. Based on a case study of an IAG in an English police force, this article reviews the operation of IAGs following the radical changes made to police governance by the introduction of directly elected police and crime commissioners (PCCs). Its main argument is that more thought needs to be given to the role of IAGs in this new landscape and urgent steps taken to clarify their relationships with police forces and PCCs.

scholarly journals The Expansion of Slavery in Benguela During the Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (S28) ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
Mariana P. Candido
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
West Central ◽  
African Coast ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThis article explores the nature and expansion of slavery in Benguela, in West Central Africa, during the nineteenth century, engaging with the scholarship on second slavery. Robert Palmer, Eric Hobsbawm, and Janet Polasky have framed the nineteenth century as the age of contagious liberty, yet, in Benguela, and elsewhere along the African coast, the institution of slavery expanded, in part to attend to the European and North American demand for natural resources. In the wake of the end of the slave trade, plantation slavery spread along the African coast to supply the growing demand in Europe and North America for cotton, sugar, and natural resources such as wax, ivory, rubber, and gum copal. In Portuguese territories in West Central Africa, slavery remained alive until 1869, when enslaved people were put into systems of apprenticeship very similar to labor regimes elsewhere in the Atlantic world. For the thousands of people who remained in captivity in Benguela, the nineteenth century continued to be a moment of oppression, forced labor, and extreme violence, not an age of abolition.After the 1836 abolition of slave exports, local merchants and recently arrived immigrants from Portugal and Brazil set up plantations around Benguela making extensive use of unfree labor. In this article, I examine how abolition, colonialism, and economic exploitation were part of the same process in Benguela, which resulted in new zones of slavery responding to industrialization and market competition. Looking at individual cases, wherever possible, this study examines the kinds of activities enslaved people performed and the nature of slave labor. Moreover, it examines how free and enslaved people interacted and the differences that existed in terms of gender, analyzing the type of labor performed by enslaved men and women. And it questions the limitations of the “age of abolition”.

Evaluation on the Armed Police Force Transport Safety Ensuring Effectiveness Based on the AHP-FUZZY

2012 ◽  
Vol 198-199 ◽  
pp. 1646-1651
Author(s):  
Wen Tao Han ◽  
Kang Wei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Evaluation Theory ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation Model ◽  
Transport Safety ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Important Significance

In order to enhances the battle efficiency and transport support ability, accomplish the central task of “perform duties, counterterrorism, handle thunderbolt”, it has a very important significance to strengthen the safety administration of vehicle and prevent traffic accident. the paper from a safety administration point of view, set up a transport safety ensuring effectiveness evaluation indices system for the Armed Police Force(APF),and calculated the weight of the indices using AHP method. Finally, Based on the theories of Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory, the comprehensive evaluation model on transport safety ensuring effectiveness of APF is established.

Building Hitler's Europe: Forced Labor in the Danish Construction Business during World War II

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Lund
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
New Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
General Government ◽  
Economic Collaboration ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

This article examines how Danish cement factories and building contractors, in particular F. L. Smidth & Co. A/S and its business partner Højgaard & Schultz A/S, used forced and slave labor in Estonia, the Polish General Government, and Serbia as they worked for the German authorities during the Second World War. The article presents new evidence on the use of forced and slave labor inside the European “New Order” and emphasizes the willingness of the companies to expand and engage in morally questionable behavior. The findings illuminate the close connection between political and economic collaboration and contribute to the discussion about the relationship between business and politics during dictatorship, war, and occupation.

Hunting Pirates in Beiping

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-251
Author(s):  
Fei-Hsien Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Law ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Set Up

This chapter provides a background on how the Shanghai shuye gongsuo (SBG) set up an unusual private police force to combat piracy. Throughout the 1930s, the SBG's Beiping Office of the Piracy Investigation Committee, abbreviated as the Detective Branch, hunted down pirates in the old capital and beyond. Even though these would-be law enforcers had no legal jurisdiction over such matters, the Detective Branch staff tirelessly pursued those who violated the SBG members' copyright and punished them with their own means. The Detective Branch's antipiracy operation in Beiping constitutes in itself a unique story, but its real significance lies in the possibility it opens up in understanding detection, enforcement, and negotiation that mediated the intellectual property law and its effect in early twentieth-century China, when different conceptions and practices of copyright grew intertwined. Operating in the gray area between legality and illegality, the staff of the Detective Branch inspected bookshops in the old capital city and surrounding market towns. They launched raids, partnering with local police, to crack down on piracy and, sometimes, resorted to criminal activities themselves, such as fraud, bribery, or home intrusion, to ensure their success.

scholarly journals Szata graficzna pieniędzy papierowych emitowanych na terenach okupowanych przez wojska niemieckie podczas pierwszej wojny światowej

2015 ◽  
pp. 17-48
Author(s):  
Marcin Markowski
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Graphic Design ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Tender ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
German Army ◽  
General Government ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Set Up

The occupation authorities set up their own institutions that issued their own legal tender banknotes in the territories of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Romania occupied by the German army during World War I. The introduction of paper money with a new graphic design began in the middle of 1916.Lower denominations of ostrubles and ostmarks, designed for areas east of the Ober-Ost, had the poorest layout of all the money issued by the Germans in the occupied territories in the East – they were embellished only by an ornamental  drawing. In contrast, the highest denominations – 100 ostrubles, 100 and 1,000 ostmarks – had a very extensive iconography, which distinguished them from paper money earmarked for the occupied territories in Eastern Europe. Banknotes intended for the General Government of Warsaw had the most national character due to the presence of the White Eagle on the intense red background. In contrast, apart from the language, paper money intended for other occupied territories did not have any graphic features that would be targeted at ethnic groups such as the Lithuanians, Latvians and Romanians. The layouts of these banknotes contain references also to the Greek and Roman mythologies. These references include male and female busts and a group of characteristic attributes that suggest that these are images of Demeter, Athena, Hermes and Ares.

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