scholarly journals Behavioral response of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) to synthetic chemicals and oils

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10899
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif Qayyoum ◽  
Zi-Wei Song ◽  
Bao-Xin Zhang ◽  
Dun-Song Li ◽  
Bilal Saeed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Choice Test ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Population Outbreaks ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Dispersal Behavior ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Dispersal Activity

Background Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) population outbreaks after the citrus plantation’s chemical application is a common observation. Dispersal behavior is an essential tool to understand the secondary outbreak of P. citri population. Therefore, in the current study, the dispersal activity of P. citri was observed on the leaf surfaces of Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae) treated with SYP-9625, abamectin, vegetable oil, and EnSpray 99. Method Mites were released on the first (apex) leaf of the plant (adaxial surface) and data were recorded after 24 h. The treated, untreated, and half-treated data were analyzed by combining the leaf surfaces (adaxial right, adaxial left, abaxial right, and abaxial left). All experiments were performed in open-air environmental conditions. Results The maximum number of mites was captured on the un-treated or half-treated surfaces due to chemicals repellency. Chemical bioassays of the free-choice test showed that all treatments significantly increased the mortality of P. citri depending on application method and concentration. A significant number of mites repelled away from treated surfaces and within treated surfaces except adaxial left and abaxial right surfaces at LC30. In the no-choice test, SYP-9625 gave maximum mortality and dispersal by oils than others. No significant differences were observed within the adaxial and abaxial except abaxial surface at LC30. Therefore, the presence of tested acaricides interferes with P. citri dispersal within leaf surfaces of plantations depending on the mites released point and a preferred site for feeding.

scholarly journals Foraging behaviour of an egg parasitoid exploiting plant volatiles induced by pentatomids: the role of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Frati ◽  
Antonino Cusumano ◽  
Eric Conti ◽  
Stefano Colazza ◽  
Ezio Peri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Walking Activity ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Insect Attack ◽  
Plant Treatment

Several phases of herbivorous insect attack including feeding and oviposition are known to induce plant defenses. Plants emit volatiles induced by herbivores to recruit insect parasitoids as an indirect defense strategy. So far, volatiles induced by herbivore walking and their putative role in the foraging behavior of egg parasitoids have not been investigated. In this paper we studied the response of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis toward volatiles emitted by Vicia faba plants as consequence of the walking activity of the host Nezara viridula. Olfactometer bioassays were carried out to evaluate wasp responses to plants in which the abaxial or the adaxial surfaces were subjected to walking or/and oviposition. Results showed that host female walking on the abaxial but not on the adaxial surface caused a repellence effect in T. basalis 24 h after plant treatment. The emission of active volatiles also occurred when the leaf was turned upside-down, indicating a specificity of stress localization. This specificity was supported by the results, which showed that oviposition combined with feeding elicit the induction of plant volatiles, attracting the parasitoid, when the attack occurred on the abaxial surface. Analyses of plant volatile blends showed significant differences between the treatments.

Frequency and length of stomata of 21 Populus clones

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (22) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Pallardy ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Stomatal Characteristics ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Surface Variation ◽  
Weight Data

Frequency and length of stomata of field-grown plants of 21 Populus clones were studied. All clones except one were amphistomatous, and all clones had the greatest number of stomata per unit of leaf area on the abaxial surface. Variation in stomatal frequency, length, and relative distribution of stomata between abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces among clones was found. Although differences in stomatal frequency and length were observed in some cases between early and late leaves of a clone, pore area differences were small because of the tendency for leaves with fewer stomata to have larger stomata. Cluster analysis utilizing abaxial and adaxial stomatal frequency and length as independent variables indicated that stomatal characteristics were related to parentage. Relationships between clonal stomatal characteristics and preliminary shoot dry weight data were not significant.

Composition and Ultrastructure of Leaf Cuticles From Fruit Trees, Relative to Differential Foliar Absorption

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Leece
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cells ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Surface Waxes ◽  
Wax Content ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

Differential foliar absorption of chemicals by peach, apple and orange was related to cuticle thickness, weight, surface wax and embedded wax content and to surface wax wettability, ultrastructure and composition. Surface wax concentration, especially on abaxial leaf surfaces, correlated well with resistance to foliar absorption. The abaxial surface wax on peach leaves was built up in layers around and over the guard cells (which are preferred paths of spray entry into leaves) whereas apple and orange guard cells were relatively wax-free. Peach surface waxes were more difficult to wet than orange waxes and, although more polar than orange waxes, may be more resistant to water penetration as they were rich in hydrocarbons and triterpenoids. Enhancement of foliar absorption may require improved partitioning of sprays through the surface waxes or the bypassing of the waxes via stomatal penetration.

Leaf Anatomy of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey E. Burrows ◽  
Suzanne Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Microscope Level ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Oblique Orientation ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Leaves of adult morphology from Wollemi pine(Wollemia nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen)possess a thick cuticle, sunken stomata, abundant hypodermal fibres, distinctpalisade and spongy mesophyll with most palisade development on the adaxialside, compartmented cells, resin canals, sclereids, and vascular bundles withtransfusion tissue and a fibre cap abaxial to the phloem. Stomata are presenton both leaf surfaces, although in greater density on the abaxial surface, andusually have an oblique orientation and four or five subsidiary cells. At thelight microscope level, Araucaria can be distinguishedfrom Agathis as it possesses unusual compartmented cellsin the mesophyll, while Agathis does not. In addition,most Agathis species are hypostomatic, while mostAraucaria species have stomata on both the abaxial andadaxial surfaces. Thus W. nobilis has a leaf anatomywhich has a greater similarity to Araucaria than toAgathis.

scholarly journals Notes on leaf micromorphology of the rare herbaceous bamboo Buergersiochloa bambusoides Pilg. (Olyreae, Poaceae) from New Guinea and its taxonomic implications

PhytoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Jamile F. Lima ◽  
Kelly Regina B. Leite ◽  
Lynn G. Clark ◽  
Reyjane P. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Leaf Micromorphology ◽  
Stomatal Complexes ◽  
Herbaceous Bamboos ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

We present notes on the leaf micromorphology of Buergersiochloa bambusoides, a rare species from New Guinea and included in Buergersiochloinae, one of three subtribes of the herbaceous bamboos (tribe Olyreae). We used scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to analyze the microcharacters of both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Within the Olyreae, saddle-shaped silica bodies in both the costal and intercostal zones are considered unique to Buergersiochloinae. Simple, circular and very small papillae are observed on the adaxial surface, and for the first time, branched papillae on the abaxial surface are observed in B. bambusoides. On the abaxial surface, there are papillae on long cells associated with the stomatal complexes. Bicellular microhairs are the only trichomes present and they are found almost exclusively on the abaxial surface. The saddle-shaped silica bodies are the most taxonomically important among the microcharacters observed on the leaf surface of B. bambusoides.

scholarly journals Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides used in Brazilian citrus groves on Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Everaldo Batista Alves ◽  
Nádia Fernanda Bertan Casarin ◽  
Celso Omoto
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Principal Factor ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Panonychus Citri ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Dispersal Behavior

ABSTRACT: Pesticides have been blamed as the principal factor responsible for biological disequilibrium favoring the population increase of Panonychus citri (McGregor) in Brazilian citrus groves. In order to generate subsidies for the integrated management of this pest, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides used in citrus on P. citri. We tested 18 pesticides by evaluating mortality of adult female, egg viability and adult avoidance. For imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen, dimethoate, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur, the principal insecticides used in Brazilian orchards, the oviposition behavior and the incidence of adult females on discontinuous pesticide residues were evaluated. The pesticides which caused adult P. citri mortality were: abamectin (94%), dimethoate (86%), lime sulfur (69%), fenpropathrin (44%), diafenthiuron (25%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (23%). The pesticides affecting egg viability were: fenpropathrin (53%), dimethoate (30%) and lime sulfur (22%). Fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur caused repellent effects of 55, 45 and 22%, respectively. P. citri preferred areas untreated with deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and lime sulfur for oviposition and permanence, but the species could not distinguish areas treated with imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and dimethoate. The insecticides abamectin, dimethoate and diafenthiuron affected survival and did not cause changes in P. citri behavior. These pesticides should be used mainly in periods P. citri occurs. On the other hand, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, lime sulfur and deltamethrin affect dispersal behavior, oviposition and P. citri incidence and their use should be avoided.

Foliar Absorption in Prunus domestica L. I. Nature and Development of the Surface Wax Barrier

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Leece
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Surface Waxes

Surface wax concentration, distribution, ultrastructure and wettability, as affected by developmental temperature, physiological age and seasonal changes, were studied on leaves of Prunus domestica. Surface waxes covered both leaf surfaces in an amorphous sheet, which extended over the guard cells on the abaxial surface. This sheet may have been thin or discontinuous above adaxial anticlinal walls. A secondary structure of wax ridges was superimposed on the amorphous sheet. Neither surface was readily wetted by water or by solutions of standard organic surfactants. The critical abaxial surface tension was estimated as 22-25 mNm-1 by Zisman plot, confirming that close-packed, oriented, methyl groups are exposed at the wax surface. Surface wax concentration was inversely proportional to temperature during leaf development. At any time, surface waxes differed little among leaves of different physiological ages, but wax concentration increased during the season on leaves of similar physiological age reaching a maximum on the abaxial surface in mid-summer and thereafter remaining constant. Results are discussed in terms of polar pathways through the cuticle, stomatal penetration and spray application strategies.

scholarly journals Leaf hydraulic conductance is linked to leaf symmetry in bifacial, amphistomatic leaves of sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2808-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya Richardson ◽  
Gregory J Jordan ◽  
Timothy J Brodribb
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Leaf Hydraulics ◽  
Stomatal Behaviour ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The hydraulic implications of stomatal positioning across leaf surfaces and the impact on internal water flow through amphistomatic leaves are not currently well understood. Amphistomaty potentially provides hydraulic efficiencies if the majority of hydraulic resistance in the leaf exists outside the xylem in the mesophyll. Such a scenario would mean that the same xylem network could equally supply a hypostomatic or amphistomatic leaf. Here we examine leaves of Helianthus annuus to determine whether amphistomaty in this species is associated with higher hydraulic efficiency compared with hypostomatic leaves. We identified asymmetry in the positioning of minor veins which were significantly closer to the abaxial than the adaxial leaf surface, combined with lower Kleaf when transpiration was driven through the adaxial rather than the abaxial surface. We also identified a degree of coordination in stomatal behaviour driven by leaf hydraulics, where the hydraulic conditions experienced by an individual leaf surface affected the stomatal behaviour on the opposite surface. We found no advantage to amphistomaty based on efficiencies in construction costs of the venous system, represented by vein density:stomatal density, only limited hydraulic independence between leaf surfaces. These results suggest that amphistomaty does not substantially increase whole-leaf hydraulic efficiency.

scholarly journals A study of epidermal leaf anatomy of 18 Euphorbia taxa from Kerman Province, Iran

Biologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Talebi ◽  
Mitra Noori ◽  
Habibeh Afzali Naniz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Leaf Epidermal Cell ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Cell Shapes ◽  
Different Parts

Euphorbia is the largest genus of Euphorbiaceae widely distributed all over the world. The genus members grow naturally in different parts of Iran and nearly 96 species of Euphorbia have been listed in the country. Investigations show that the traits of foliar epidermis have taxonomic values. That is why the features of epidermal leaf anatomy of 18 Euphorbia taxa were studied in the present study. Plant samples were collected from Kerman Province, Iran, and identified using available references. Semi-permanent slides were prepared of adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis. Then the slides were studied using light microscopy and some epidermal leaf anatomy characteristics stomata types, trichomes, the shape and type of epidermal cell, and their walls were examined. Photomicrographs were taken from each sample. Results showed that stomata type were stable among the species. Not only leaf epidermal cell shapes differed between the taxa, but also in some species they varied between the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. These conditions hold true for cell wall patterns. Some of the studied taxa had simple and uniseriate trichomes on the epidermal surfaces, in most of them trichomes were present on both leaf surfaces, while in one species trichomes were seen on the abaxial surface. Our findings confirmed that some of the anatomical traits, such as the absence or presence of trichomes, epidermal cell shape, and anticlinal cell wall patterns had taxonomic value and are useful in the identification of taxa.

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