scholarly journals Removal or component reversal of local geomagnetic field affects foraging orientation preference in migratory insect brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12351
Author(s):  
Yingchao Zhang ◽  
Weidong Pan
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Zero Magnetic Field ◽  
Orientation Preference ◽  
Iron Sulfur Cluster ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
The Relationship

Background Migratory brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (N. lugens) annually migrates to Northeast Asia in spring and returns to Southeast Asia in autumn. However, mechanisms for orientation and navigation during their flight remain largely unknown. The geomagnetic field (GMF) is an important source of directional information for animals (including N. lugens), yet the magnetic compass involved has not been fully identified. Methods Here we assessed the influences of GMF on the foraging orientation preference of N. lugens by removing or component reversal of local GMF. At the same time, we examined the role of iron-sulfur cluster assembly1 (IscA1), a putative component of magnetoreceptor, in the foraging orientation preference of N. lugens under the controlled magnetic fields by RNA silencing (RNAi). Results We found that the near-zero magnetic field (NZMF) or vertical reversal of GMF could lead to N. lugens losing the foraging orientation preference, suggesting that a normal level of GMF, in the way of either intensity or inclination, was essential for the foraging orientation of N. lugens. Moreover, the gene knockdown of IscA1, also affected the foraging orientation preference of N. lugens, pointing out a potential role of IscA1 in the insects’ sensing of variation in the GMF. Discussion These results suggested a foraging orientation preference is associated with the GMF and revealed new insights into the relationship between the IscA1 and magnetosensitivity mechanism in N. lugens.

scholarly journals Change in geomagnetic field intensity alters migration-associated traits in a migratory insect

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 20190940
Author(s):  
Guijun Wan ◽  
Ruiying Liu ◽  
Chunxu Li ◽  
Jinglan He ◽  
Weidong Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Intensity ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Insect Migration ◽  
Cryptochrome 1

Geomagnetic field (GMF) intensity can be used by some animals to determine their position during migration. However, its role, if any, in mediating other migration-related phenotypes remains largely unknown. Here, we simulated variation in GMF intensity between two locations along the migration route of a nocturnal insect migrant, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens , that varied by approximately 5 µT in field intensity. After one generation of exposure, we tested for changes in key morphological, behavioural and physiological traits related to migratory performance, including wing dimorphism, flight capacity and positive phototaxis. Our results showed that all three morphological and behavioural phenotypes responded to a small difference in magnetic field intensity. Consistent magnetic responses in the expression of the phototaxis-related Drosophila-like cryptochrome 1 ( Cry1 ) gene and levels of two primary energy substrates used during flight, triglyceride and trehalose, were also found. Our findings indicate changes in GMF intensity can alter the expression of phenotypes critical for insect migration and highlight the unique role of magnetoreception as a trait that may help migratory insects express potentially beneficial phenotypes in geographically variable environments.

scholarly journals Geomagnetic field absence reduces adult body weight of a migratory insect by disrupting feeding behavior and appetite regulation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guijun Wan ◽  
Shoulin Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Jingyu Zhao ◽  
Yingchao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Zero Magnetic Field ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Reduced Body

AbstractThe geomagnetic field (GMF) is well documented for its essential role as a cue used in animal orientation or navigation. Recent evidence indicates that the absence of GMF can trigger stress-like responses such as reduced body weight, as we have previously shown in newly emerged adults of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. To test the hypothesis that reduced feeding in the absence of the GMF leads to a decrease of N. lugens body weight, we compared magnetic responses in feeding behavior, glucose levels, and expression of magnetoreception- and appetite-related genes in brown planthopper nymphs exposed to either a near-zero magnetic field (NZMF, i.e., GMF absence) or typical GMF conditions. In addition to observing the expected responses in the expression of the potential magnetosensor cryptochromes, the food intake of 5th instar nymphs was significantly reduced in insects reared in the absence of GMF. Insects that exhibited reduced feeding reared in the absence of the GMF also had higher glucose levels which is associated with food aversion. Expression patterns of appetite-related neuropeptide genes were also altered in the absence of GMF in a manner consistent with diminishing appetite. These findings support the hypothesis that strong changes in GMF intensity can affect insect feeding behavior and underlying regulatory processes. Our results provide further evidence that magnetoreception and regulatory responses to GMF changes can affect a wide variety of biological processes.

scholarly journals Geomagnetic field intensity as a cue for the regulation of insect migration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guijun Wan ◽  
Ruiying Liu ◽  
Chunxu Li ◽  
Jinglan He ◽  
Weidong Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Intensity ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Insect Migration ◽  
Cryptochrome 1

AbstractGeomagnetic field (GMF) intensity can be used by some animals to determine their direction and position during migration. However, its role, if any, in mediating other migration-related phenotypes remains largely unknown. Here, we simulated variation in GMF intensity between two locations along the migration route of a nocturnal insect migrant, the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, that varied by ∼5 μT (GMF50μT vs. GMF45μT) in field intensity. After one generation of exposure, we tested for changes in key morphological, behavioural and physiological traits related to migratory performance including wing dimorphism, flight capacity and positive phototaxis. Our results showed that all three morphological and behavioural phenotypes responded to a small difference in magnetic field intensity between the simulated northern vs. southern locations in ways expected along the migratory route. Consistent magnetic responses in the expression of the phototaxis-related Drosophila-like cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) gene and levels of two primary energy substrates used during flight, triglyceride and trehalose, were also found. Our findings indicate GMF intensity can be a cue that regulates the expression of phenotypes critical for insect migration and highlight the unique role of magnetoreception as a trait that can help migratory insects express potentially beneficial phenotypes in geographically variable environments.

Enhancement of the geomagnetic field reduces the phototaxis of rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens associated with frataxin down‐regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1043-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying‐Chao Zhang ◽  
Gui‐Jun Wan ◽  
Wei‐Hong Wang ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Down Regulation

Establishing the role of detoxifying enzymes in field-evolved resistance to various insecticides in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in South India

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayakumar Maheshwari Malathi ◽  
Sushil K. Jalali ◽  
Dandinashivara K. Sidde Gowda ◽  
Muthugounder Mohan ◽  
Thiruvengadam Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
South India ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes

Egg mortality of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and green leafhoppers, Nephotettix spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice in Sri Lanka

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Fowler ◽  
M.F. Claridge ◽  
J.C. Morgan ◽  
I.D.R. Peries ◽  
L. Nugaliyadde
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Egg Density ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
A Minor

AbstractRice plants, infested with eggs of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) or Nephotettix spp. in laboratory cultures, were used to trap egg parasitoids in rice fields at two sites over a period of four days in Sri Lanka. Levels of egg parasitism per plant varied from 0 to 54% in N. lugens and 45 to 100% in Nephotettix spp. Egg predation was a minor cause of mortality, but attack by a species of Panstenon (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) killed up to 18% Nilaparvata lugens eggs. N. lugens eggs were parasitized by Anagrus sp. nr flaveolus Waterhouse, A. optabilis (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Oligosita sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Nephotettix spp. eggs were parasitized by two species of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and one of Paracentrobia (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). There was no overlap in field host range between the two parasitoid assemblages. Gonatocerus spp. and Paracentrobia spp. seldom attacked the same Nephotettix sp. egg batch, suggesting the possibility that these species compete in the field. Overall egg parasitism of Nilaparvata lugens was positively related to host egg density at the spatial scale of the rice plant, but unrelated at the tiller or batch scale. Nephotettix spp. egg parasitism showed a negative density dependent relationship at the spatial scales of the tiller and plant and no relationship at the batch level. The potential role of these egg parasitoids in preventing outbreaks of hopper pests in Sri Lanka is discussed.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Rice Reveals Positive Role of OsNCED3 in Rice Resistance Against Brown Planthopper

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Litong Sun ◽  
Yongyan Liu ◽  
Ali Noman ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Jitong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Differential Expression Genes ◽  
Loss Index ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Aba Biosynthesis

Abstract Background: Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) could improve rice resistance to brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is the rate-limiting enzyme for ABA biosynthesis in higher plants. In rice, OsNCED3 gene promoted ABA synthesis and improved abiotic stress tolerance, but the function of OsNCED3 in regulating rice defense against BPH remains unclear. Results: In this study, the average injury level, functional plant loss index and EPG results of rice conferred that insect-resistance of OE rice lines was significantly higher than that of WT. Then transcriptome analysis of overexpression (OE), RNA interference (RNAi) and wild type (WT) of OsNCED3 in Zhonghua11 rice lines after BPH infestation were performed. Seventeen RNA libraries were obtained from OE, RNAi and WT rice lines at 12 h post BPH infestation. The number of all differential expression genes (DEGs) between OE and WT or RNAi and WT were mostly up-regulated. These accounted for more than 75% of the total number of DEGs for each other. The number of DEGs between RNAi and WT rice lines fed by BPH increased significantly, higher than that between OE and WT, and most of these DEGs were related to the adversity stress and the biosynthesis of JA (jasmonic acid).Conclusions: overexpression of OsNCED3 gene could improve rice resistance to BPH.

scholarly journals Adaptation by the Brown Planthopper to Resistant Rice: A Test of Female-Derived Virulence and the Role of Yeast-like Symbionts

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 908
Author(s):  
Finbarr G. Horgan ◽  
Ainara Peñalver Cruz ◽  
Arriza Arida ◽  
Jedeliza B. Ferrater ◽  
Carmencita C. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Manipulative Experiments ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens Stål

The adaptation by planthoppers to feed and develop on resistant rice is a challenge for pest management in Asia. We conducted a series of manipulative experiments with the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) on the resistant rice variety IR62 (BPH3/BPH32 genes) to assess behavioral and bionomic changes in planthoppers exhibiting virulence adaptation. We also examined the potential role of yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in virulence adaptation by assessing progeny fitness (survival × reproduction) following controlled matings between virulent males or females and avirulent males or females, and by manipulating YLS densities in progeny through heat treatment. We found virulence-adapted planthoppers developed faster, grew larger, had adults that survived for longer, had female-biased progeny, and produced more eggs than non-selected planthoppers on the resistant variety. However, feeding capacity—as revealed through honeydew composition—remained inefficient on IR62, even after 20+ generations of exposure to the resistant host. Virulence was derived from both the male and female parents; however, females contributed more than males to progeny virulence. We found that YLS are essential for normal planthopper development and densities are highest in virulent nymphs feeding on the resistant host; however, we found only weak evidence that YLS densities contributed more to virulence. Virulence against IR62 in the brown planthopper, therefore, involves a complex of traits that encompass a series of behavioral, physiological, and genetic mechanisms, some of which are determined only by the female parent.

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