scholarly journals Frequent, quantitative bone planar scintigraphy for determination of bone anabolism in growing mice

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12355
Author(s):  
Ariane Zaloszyc ◽  
Claus Peter Schmitt ◽  
Amira Sayeh ◽  
Laetitia Higel ◽  
Catherine-Isabelle Gros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Subcutaneous Route ◽  
Activity Count ◽  
Radionuclide Studies ◽  
Planar Scintigraphy ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Gompertz Law

Background To provide insight into bone turnover, quantitative measurements of bone remodeling are required. Radionuclide studies are widely used in clinical care, but have been rarely used in the exploration of the bone in preclinical studies. We describe a bone planar scintigraphy method for frequent assessment of bone activity in mice across the growing period. Since repeated venous radiotracer injections are hardly feasible in mice, we investigated the subcutaneous route. Methods Repeated 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) tracer bone planar scintigraphy studies of the knee region and µCT to measure femur growth rate were performed in eight mice between week 6 and week 27 of life, i.e., during their growth period. Three independent investigators assessed the regions of interest (ROI). An index was calculated based on the counts in knees ROI (normalized by pixels and seconds), corrected for the activity administered, the decay between administration and imaging, and individual weights. Results A total of 93 scintigraphy studies and 85 µCT were performed. Repeated subcutaneous tracer injections were well tolerated and allowed for adequate radionuclide studies. Mean scintigraphic indexes in the knees ROI decreased from 87.4 ± 2.6 × 10−6 counts s−1 pixel−1 MBq−1 g−1 at week 6 to 15.0 ± 3.3 × 10−6 counts s−1 pixel−1 MBq−1 g−1 at week 27. The time constant of the fitted exponential decay was equal to 23.5 days. As control mean femur length assessed by µCT increased from 12.2 ± 0.8 mm at week 6 to 15.8 ± 0.2 mm at week 22. The time constant of the fitted Gompertz law was equal to 26.7 days. A correlation index of −0.97 was found between femur growth and decrease of bone tracer activity count between week 6 and 24. Conclusion This methodological study demonstrates the potential of repeated bone planar scintigraphy in growing mice, with subcutaneous route for tracer administration, for quantitative assessment of bone remodeling.

scholarly journals Frequent, Quantitative Bone Planar Scintigraphy for Determination of Bone Anabolism in Growing Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Zaloszyc ◽  
Claus Peter Schmitt ◽  
Amira Sayeh ◽  
Laetitia Higel ◽  
Catherine Isabelle Gros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Radionuclide Studies ◽  
Planar Scintigraphy ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Gompertz Law

Abstract BackgroundTo provide insight into bone turnover, quantitative measurements of bone remodeling are required. Radionuclide studies are widely used in clinical care, but have been rarely used in the exploration of the bone in preclinical studies. We describe a bone planar scintigraphy method for frequent assessment of bone activity in mice across the growing period. Since repeated venous radiotracer injections are hardly feasible in mice, we investigated the subcutaneous route.MethodsRepeated phosphonate tracer bone planar scintigraphy studies of the knee region and μCT to measure femur growth rate were performed in eight mice between week 6 and week 27 of life, i.e. during their growth period. Three independent investigators assessed the regions of interest (ROI). An index was calculated based on the counts in knees ROI (normalized by pixels and seconds), corrected for the activity administered, the decay between administration and imaging, and individual weights.ResultsA total of 97 scintigraphy studies and 90 μCT were performed. Repeated subcutaneous tracer injections were well tolerated and allowed for adequate radionuclide studies. Mean scintigraphic indexes in the knees ROI decreased from 87.4 ± 13.0x10-6 counts.s-1.pixel-1.MBq-1.g-1 at week 6 to 13.1 ± 3.9x10-6 counts.s-1.pixel-1.MBq-1.g-1 at week 27. The time constant of the fitted exponential decay was equal to 23.6 days. Mean femur length assessed by μCT increased from 12.2 ± 0.8 mm at week 6 to 15.8 ± 0.2 mm at week 24. The time constant of the fitted Gompertz law was equal to 26.7 days.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the potential of repeated bone planar scintigraphy in growing mice, with subcutaneous route for tracer administration, for quantitative assessment of bone remodeling.

scholarly journals β-SNAP activity in the outer segment growth period is critical for preventing BNip1-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Nishiwaki ◽  
Ichiro Masai
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Vesicular Transport ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bh3 Domain ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Excessive Activation

Abstract BNip1, which functions as a t-SNARE component of the syntaxin18 complex, is localized on the ER membrane and regulates retrograde transport from Golgi to the ER. BNip1 also has a BH3 domain, which generally releases pro-apoptotic proteins from Bcl2-mediated inhibition. Previously we reported that retinal photoreceptors undergo BNip1-dependent apoptosis in zebrafish β-snap1 mutants. Here, we investigated physiological roles of BNip1-dependent photoreceptor apoptosis. First, we examined the spatio-temporal profile of photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants, and found that apoptosis occurs only during a small developmental window, 2–4 days-post-fertilization (dpf), in which an apical photoreceptive membrane structure, called the outer segment (OS), grows rapidly. Transient expression of β-SNAP1 during this OS growing period prevents photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants, enabling cone to survive until at least 21 dpf. These observations suggest that BNip1-mediated apoptosis is linked to excessive activation of vesicular transport associated with rapid growth of the OS. Consistently, knockdown of Ift88 and Kif3b, which inhibits protein transport to the OS, rescued photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants. Treatment with rapamycin, which inhibits protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway, also rescued photoreceptor apoptosis in β-snap1 mutants. These data suggest that BNip1 performs risk assessment to detect excessive vesicular transport in photoreceptors.

Response of soya beans to planting date in south-eastern Queensland. II.* Vegetative and reproductive development

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Lawn ◽  
DE Byth
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seed Yields

Vegetative and reproductive development of a range of soya bean cultivars was studied over a series of planting dates in both hill plots and row culture at Redland Bay, Qld. Responses in the extent of vegetative and reproductive development were related to changes in the phasic developmental patterns. The duration and extent of vegetative development for the various cultivar-planting date combinations were closely associated with the length of the period from planting to the cessation of flowering. Thus, vegetative growth was greatest for those planting dates which resulted in a delay in flowering and/or extended the flowering phase. Similarly, genetic lateness of maturity among cultivars was associated with more extensive vegetative development. Seed yield per unit area increased within each cultivar as the length of the growing period was extended until sufficient vegetative growth occurred to allow the formation of closed canopies under the particular agronomic conditions imposed. Further increases in the length of the period of vegetative growth failed to increase seed yield, and in some cases seed yields were actually reduced. Biological efficiency of seed production (BE) was negatively correlated with the length of the vegetative growth period. Differences in BE among cultivar-planting date combinations were large. It is suggested that maximization of seed yield will necessitate an optimum compromise between the degree of vegetative development and BE. Optimum plant arrangement will therefore vary, depending on the particular cultivar-planting date combination. ___________________ \*Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24: 67 (1973).

Anatomy and histochemistry of Abies balsamea cambial zone cells during the onset and breaking of dormancy

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2570-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Riding ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Radial Wall ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Color Shift ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Distinct Color ◽  
Ylacetic Acid

The anatomy and histochemistry of fusiform cambial zone cells were investigated (i) in shoots producing latewood tracheids at the time of collection in July and (ii) in dormant shoots. The latter were naturally or artificially chilled to obtain different stages along the rest–quiescence continuum, then placed for 4 weeks under environmental conditions favoring growth. The transition from active growth to rest was associated with increases in RNA, protein, and total insoluble carbohydrates and in peroxidase and succinic dehydrogenase activities. The rest–quiescence transition was correlated with additional increases in RNA and protein, an increase in lipid staining, radial wall thickness and plasmalemma infolding, and a decrease in vacuolar size. The DNA level did not appear to change; however, a distinct color shift occurred in nuclei stained for total protein. During the 4-week growth period, RNA, protein, total insoluble carbohydrates, and lipids decreased, most obviously in cambia that were fully quiescent at the start of the period. Xylem production and percentage of buds flushing during the growing period increased as the initial dormancy stage changed from rest to quiescence. Little, if any, xylem production occurred in debudded shoots unless indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA) was supplied. Endogenous and exogenous lAA induced the same anatomical and histochemical responses.

scholarly journals The Effect of Plant Growth Compensation by Adding Silicon-Containing Fertilizer under Light Stress Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1287
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Semenova ◽  
Alexandr A. Smirnov ◽  
Andrey A. Grishin ◽  
Roman Y. Pishchalnikov ◽  
Denis D. Chesalin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Growing Period

The effects of different spectral compositions of light-emitting diode (LED) sources and fertilizer containing biologically active silicon (Si) in the nutrient solution on morphological and physiological plant response were studied. Qualitative indicators and the productivity of plants of a red-leaved and a green-leaved lettuce were estimated. Lettuce was grown applying low-volume hydroponics in closed artificial agroecosystems. The positive effect of Si fertilizer used as a microadditive in the nutrient solution on the freshly harvested biomass was established on the thirtieth day of vegetation under LEDs. Increase in productivity of the red-leaved lettuce for freshly harvested biomass was 26.6%, while for the green-leaved lettuce no loss of dry matter was observed. However, being grown under sodium lamps, a negative impact of Si fertilizer on productivity of both types of plants was observed: the amount of harvested biomass decreased by 22.6% and 30.3% for the green- and red-leaved lettuces, respectively. The effect of using Si fertilizer dramatically changed during the total growing period: up to the fifteenth day of cultivation, a sharp inhibition of the growth of both types of lettuce was observed; then, by the thirtieth day of LED lighting, Si fertilizer showed a stress-protective effect and had a positive influence on the plants. However, by the period of ripening there was no effect of using the fertilizer. Therefore, we can conclude that the use of Si fertilizers is preferable only when LED irradiation is applied throughout the active plant growth period.

scholarly journals Changes of Winter Oilseed Rape Plant Survival During Vegetation

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskars Balodis ◽  
Zinta Gaile
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Rape Plant ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation

Abstract Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) significance among field crops is unchangeable in Latvia in the last decade. Plant density of winter oilseed rape during growth period is influenced by plant development in autumn and plant wintering. The aim of four year (2008 – 2011) research in the LLU Research and Study farm “Vecauce” was to investigate the influence of agronomical factors (sowing date, sowing rate, fungicide (metkonazole)) application and meteorological factors on two type (line, hybrid) winter oilseed rape varieties plant density changes from sowing till harvesting. Plant density in autumn, spring and during harvesting was influenced also by meteorological parameters such as air temperature and precipitation. On four year average, field germination was observed from 66% to 95%. Sowing date significantly (p<0.05) impacted plant survival during winters in all trial years for both varieties – ‘Californium’ and ‘Excalibur’, except for ‘Excalibur’ in the year 2008. Plant survival during winter for ‘Excalibur’ (hybrid) was higher compared to ‘Californium’ (line). Higher plant losses during winter were noted on the latest sowing date for both varieties. Winter oilseed rape plant survival was not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by fungicide as growth regulator application in autumn in any trial year. Influence of sowing date and sowing rate on the total plant density at harvest time was significant in all trial years (p<0.05) for both varieties. At higher sowing rate the plant loss during growing period was higher than at lower rates.

scholarly journals Influence of different moisture regimes and n-fertilization on electrochemical changes and some nutrients in the leachate solution during growing period of rice plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Hanan Siam ◽  
Saleh A.L. ◽  
Abd- El-Moez M.R. ◽  
Holah S.H ◽  
Abou Zeid S.T
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Leachate Solution ◽  
Mn Concentrations

<p>A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of NRC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, using clay loam soil to study the effect of different moisture regimes (M1, M2 and M3) and fertilizer treatment(F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4) on electrochemical change and concentration of some nutrients in the leachate solution during growing period of rice plant (variety Sakha 102).</p><p>The important results could be summarized in the follows: PH values showed the highest decreases under all the fertilizer treatments when the moisture regime of M1 was used followed by M2 and M3 in descending order. Furthermore, pH values showed higher decreases when the fertilizer treatment of F3 was used followed by F4, F2, F1 and F0 in decreasing order.</p><p>Under all soil moisture regimes and fertilizer treatment Eh values sharply decreased during the 12 days after starting (DAS), then they decreased to the lowest values at 24 DAS. The soil moisture regimes decreased Eh values in soil solution during the growth period of rice plants. The highest decreases were obtained under soil moisture of M1 followed by M2 and M3 in descending order. The greatest decreases of Eh values were obtained by using the fertilizer treatment of F3 followed by F4, F2, F1 and F0 in descending order.</p><p>Results showed that , P, K+, Fe++ and Mn++ concentrations in soil solution were higher in the early stages of rice plans and reached a peak at 24 days after staring (DAS), then the concentrations of all the studied nutrients gradually decreased with increasing the growth period.</p><p>Inorganic N-fertilizer treatments (F1 and F2) gave higher nutrients concentrations under all soil moisture regimes as compared with N-organic fertilizer treatment alone (F4). Combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer (F3) gave the higher nutrients concentration in the leachate solutions followed by fertilizer treatments of F2, F1, F4 and F0 in decreasing order.</p><p>The highest values of , P, K+, Fe++ and Mn++ concentrations were obtained at 24 days after starting (DAS) by using the fertilizer treatment of F3 under soil moisture regime of M1 (F3 M1¬) followed by F3M2 and F3M3 in decreasing order, while the lowest values were obtained at 72DAS under soil moisture regime of M3 and unfertilized treatment F0 (M3F0).</p>

scholarly journals   Reactions of grape varieties to climate changes in North East Slovenia

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vršič ◽  
T. Vodovnik
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
North East ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grape Varieties

This work examined the trend of changes in temperature from 1950 to 2009 recorded by the Maribor meteorological station, and from 1980 to 2009 the dynamics of grape ripening of early-, medium late-, and late-ripening vine varieties in the Slovenian Styria wine-growing region in North East Slovenia. Based on the data associated with the content of soluble solids, total acidity, and the recommended date of harvest in a particular year, the trends towards shortening of the grapevine growing period were calculated. In general, temperature changes were more significant since 1980 than between 1950 and 1979. The mean annual and seasonal temperature significantly increased, i.e. 0.06&deg;C per year. The growing season was shortened in all studied varieties from 15 to 27 days. Trends showed significantly decreasing content of total acidity, which can be considered explicitly as a consequence of higher temperatures during the growth period and ripening of grape berries. Grapes now ripen at temperatures which are approximately by 2&deg;C higher than 30 years ago. Regarding the total acidity content of the late-ripening varieties, the influence of higher temperatures is positive. Minor changes were found in precipitations rates. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Growth, development and nutrient uptake in pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan)

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sheldrake ◽  
A. Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Index Ratio

SUMMARYThe growth and development of two early (Pusa ageti and T-21) and three mediumduration (ST-1, ICP-1 and HY-3C) cultivars of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) were compared at Hyderabad, India, in 1974 and 1975; in 1976 cv. ICP-1 was studied. The pigeonpeas were grown on a Vertisol and on an Alfisol. The crop growth rate in the first 2 months was low. The maximum rate of 171 kg/ha/day was found in the fourth month of growth of cv. ICP-1 on Alfisol. The early cultivars, one of which (cv. Pusa ageti) was morphologically determinate, and the other (cv. T-21) indeterminate, did not differ in the proportion of dry matter partitioned into seeds. The mean dry weight of the ab ove-ground parts of the medium cultivars on Vertisol in 1975 was 8·45 t/ha, including 2·23 t/ha of fallen plant material. The mean harvest index (ratio of grain dry weight to total plant dry weight) of these cultivars was 0·24 excluding fallen material and 0·17 taking fallen material into account. Starch reserves were present in the stems during the vegetative phase, but disappeared during the reproductive phase. In 1974 the maximum leaf-area index on Vertisol was 3 and on Alfisol 12·7. The net assimilation rate tended to decline throughout the growth period, but in the medium cultivars increased at the end of the reproductive phase, probably because of photosynthesis in pod walls and stems.In 1974 and 1975 the growth of roots and distribution of nodules in Vertisol was investigated by means of soil cores. Roots extended below 150 cm and root growth continued during the reproductive phase. Most nodules were found within the first 30 cm of soil, but some were found below 120 cm. In cv. T-21, grown in brick chambers150 cm deep, at the time of harvest about three-quarters of the mass of the roots was found in the first 30 cm, and the shoot:root ratio was around 4:1.In 1975 the mean uptake of nitrogen by the medium cultivars on Vertisol was 120 kg/ha, including 34 kg/ha in fallen material. In 1976 the uptake of nitrogen by cv. ICP-1 was 89 kg/ha on Vertisol and 79 kg/ha on Alfisol, including 32 and 23 kg/ha respectively in fallen material. Nitrogen uptake continued throughout the growing period. The percentage of nitrogen in stems and leaves declined as the plants developed and there was a net remobilization of nitrogen from these organs. The pattern of uptake and remobilization of phosphorus resembled that of nitrogen. In 1976 the total uptake of phosphorus by cv. ICP-1 on Vertisol was 5·8 kg/ha and on Alfisol 5·0 kg/a.The relatively low yields of pigeonpeas result from a restricted partitioning of dry matter into pods, which may be related to the plants' perennial nature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document