Sex differences between pre and post effort ultra marathon athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
José Picco ◽  
Sebastián Wolff ◽  
Emanuel González Dávila ◽  
David Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Myocardial Function ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Maximum Exercise ◽  
Cardiac Fatigue ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: The presence of women in ultramarathon competitions has become increasingly frequent. Physiological adaptations and response to maximum exercise are influenced differently according to gender. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences observed in ultramarathon or ultratrail athletes (mountain races over 42 km), at rest (physiological adaptations) and post-endurance exercise [exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF)], stratified by training parameters. Methods: Twenty-five athletes (6 women) who participated in the Mendoza crossing race (55 km in the mountains) were evaluated before and after the end of the race using Doppler echocardiography and myocardial deformation techniques (post-processing). Training and running parameters were documented with sports watches. Immediate post-endurance exercise blood withdrawal was performed to document variables associated with cardiac fatigue. Results: The race was completed by 24 athletes, 19 men (42±12 years) and 5 women (38±4 years). Women and men presented similar training loads and completed the race with no difference in time. Decreased left myocardial function parameters (EICF) were observed in 50% of men and 5% of women. Conclusions: Despite no differences in training characteristics were found, less baseline physiological adaptation and a lower incidence of EICF was observed in women.

scholarly journals Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle damage after a prolonged run

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1340-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Knitter ◽  
L. Panton ◽  
J. A. Rathmacher ◽  
A. Petersen ◽  
R. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Ldh Activity ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Daily Training ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study examined the effects of supplemental β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on muscle damage as a result of intense endurance exercise. Subjects ( n = 13) were paired according to their 2-mile run times and past running experience. Each pair was randomly assigned a treatment of either HMB (3 g/day) or a placebo. After 6 wk of daily training and supplementation, all subjects participated in a prolonged run (20-km course). Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were measured before and after a prolonged run to assess muscle damage. The placebo-supplemented group exhibited a significantly greater (treatment main effect, P = 0.05) increase in creatine phosphokinase activity after a prolonged run than did the HMB-supplemented group. In addition, LDH activity was significantly lower (treatment main effect, P = 0.003) with HMB supplementation compared with the placebo-supplemented group. In conclusion, supplementation with 3.0 g of HMB results in a decreased creatine phosphokinase and LDH response after a prolonged run. These findings support the hypothesis that HMB supplementation helps prevent exercise-induced muscle damage.

Role of vitamin C and E supplementation on IL-6 in response to training

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 990-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Yfanti ◽  
Christian P. Fischer ◽  
Søren Nielsen ◽  
Thorbjörn Åkerström ◽  
Anders R. Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase 1 ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Exercise Induced

Vitamin C and E supplementation has been shown to attenuate the acute exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration. Here, we studied the effect of antioxidant vitamins on the regulation of IL-6 expression in muscle and the circulation in response to acute exercise before and after high-intensity endurance exercise training. Twenty-one young healthy men were allocated into either a vitamin (VT; vitamin C and E, n = 11) or a placebo (PL, n = 10) group. A 1-h acute bicycling exercise trial at 65% of maximal power output was performed before and after 12 wk of progressive endurance exercise training. In response to training, the acute exercise-induced IL-6 response was attenuated in PL ( P < 0.02), but not in VT ( P = 0.82). However, no clear difference between groups was observed (group × training: P = 0.13). Endurance exercise training also attenuated the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle-IL-6 mRNA in both groups. Oxidative stress, assessed by plasma protein carbonyls concentration, was overall higher in the VT compared with the PL group (group effect: P < 0.005). This was accompanied by a general increase in skeletal muscle mRNA expression of antioxidative enzymes, including catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase 1 mRNA expression in the VT group. However, skeletal muscle protein content of catalase, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, or glutathione peroxidase 1 was not affected by training or supplementation. In conclusion, our results indicate that, although vitamin C and E supplementation may attenuate exercise-induced increases in plasma IL-6 there is no clear additive effect when combined with endurance training.

scholarly journals Network analysis of the left anterior descending coronary arteries in swim-trained rats by an in situ video microscopic technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Török ◽  
Petra Merkely ◽  
Anna Monori-Kiss ◽  
Eszter Mária Horváth ◽  
Réka Eszter Sziva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Resistance Artery ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background We aimed to identify sex differences in the network properties and to recognize the geometric alteration effects of long-term swim training in a rat model of exercise-induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. Methods Thirty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: male sedentary, female sedentary, male exercised and female exercised. After training sessions, LV morphology and function were checked by echocardiography. The geometry of the left coronary artery system was analysed on pressure-perfused, microsurgically prepared resistance artery networks using in situ video microscopy. All segments over > 80 μm in diameter were studied using divided 50-μm-long cylindrical ring units of the networks. Oxidative-nitrative (O-N) stress markers, adenosine A2A and estrogen receptor (ER) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results The LV mass index, ejection fraction and fractional shortening significantly increased in exercised animals. We found substantial sex differences in the coronary network in the control groups and in the swim-trained animals. Ring frequency spectra were significantly different between male and female animals in both the sedentary and trained groups. The thickness of the wall was higher in males as a result of training. There were elevations in the populations of 200- and 400-μm vessel units in males; the thinner ones developed farther and the thicker ones closer to the orifice. In females, a new population of 200- to 250-μm vessels appeared unusually close to the orifice. Conclusions Physical activity and LV hypertrophy were accompanied by a remodelling of coronary resistance artery network geometry that was different in both sexes.

scholarly journals New tools for old problems — comparing drone- and field-based assessments of a problematic plant species

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Oldeland ◽  
Rasmus Revermann ◽  
Jona Luther-Mosebach ◽  
Tillmann Buttschardt ◽  
Jan R. K. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Object Based Image Analysis ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Before And After

AbstractPlant species that negatively affect their environment by encroachment require constant management and monitoring through field surveys. Drones have been suggested to support field surveyors allowing more accurate mapping with just-in-time aerial imagery. Furthermore, object-based image analysis tools could increase the accuracy of species maps. However, only few studies compare species distribution maps resulting from traditional field surveys and object-based image analysis using drone imagery. We acquired drone imagery for a saltmarsh area (18 ha) on the Hallig Nordstrandischmoor (Germany) with patches of Elymus athericus, a tall grass which encroaches higher parts of saltmarshes. A field survey was conducted afterwards using the drone orthoimagery as a baseline. We used object-based image analysis (OBIA) to segment CIR imagery into polygons which were classified into eight land cover classes. Finally, we compared polygons of the field-based and OBIA-based maps visually and for location, area, and overlap before and after post-processing. OBIA-based classification yielded good results (kappa = 0.937) and agreed in general with the field-based maps (field = 6.29 ha, drone = 6.22 ha with E. athericus dominance). Post-processing revealed 0.31 ha of misclassified polygons, which were often related to water runnels or shadows, leaving 5.91 ha of E. athericus cover. Overlap of both polygon maps was only 70% resulting from many small patches identified where E. athericus was absent. In sum, drones can greatly support field surveys in monitoring of plant species by allowing for accurate species maps and just-in-time captured very-high-resolution imagery.

IMCL area density, but not IMCL utilization, is higher in women during moderate-intensity endurance exercise, compared with men

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (6) ◽  
pp. R2336-R2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela C. Devries ◽  
Stuart A. Lowther ◽  
Alexander W. Glover ◽  
Mazen J. Hamadeh ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid ◽  
Area Density ◽  
Net Use ◽  
Before And After

Women use more fat during endurance exercise as evidenced by a lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The contribution of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) to lipid oxidation during endurance exercise is controversial, and studies investigating sex differences in IMCL utilization have found conflicting results. We determined the effect of sex on net IMCL use during an endurance exercise bout using an ultrastructural evaluation. Men ( n = 17) and women ( n = 19) completed 90-min cycling at 63% V̇o2peak. Biopsies were taken before and after exercise and fixed for electron microscopy to determine IMCL size, # IMCL/area, IMCL area density, and the % IMCL touching mitochondria. Women had a lower RER and carbohydrate oxidation rate and a higher lipid oxidation rate during exercise ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women had a higher # IMCL/area and IMCL area density ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women, but not men, had a higher % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise ( P = 0.03). Exercise decreased IMCL area density ( P = 0.01), due to a decrease in the # IMCL/area ( P = 0.02). There was no sex difference in IMCL size or net use. In conclusion, women have higher IMCL area density compared with men, due to an increased # IMCL and not an increased IMCL size, as well as an increased % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise. Endurance exercise resulted in a net decrease in IMCL density due to decreased number of IMCL, not decreased IMCL size, in both sexes.

Current perceptions of strength and conditioning coaches use of sled tow training

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412098861
Author(s):  
Jason Williams ◽  
Timothy Baghurst ◽  
Micheál J Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Individual Training

The purpose of this study was to assess current perceptions of strength and conditioning coaches’ use of sled towing (ST) as part of their training programs. One-hundred and twenty-five coaches responded to a survey of their ST practices. Themes investigated included the primary purpose and usefulness of using ST, the loads used in short and long distances, rest times between sprints, total volume of ST sprints per session, frequency of ST activity each month, and whether coaches engaged in force-velocity profiling in ST sprints. Eighty percent of coaches either agreed or strongly agreed that ST is a useful intervention tool for improving athletic performance. Speed strength was the physiological adaptation most sought after to improve ( n = 75) followed by power ( n = 72). Bodyweight (BW) loads of 20% were the most common across all distances. The two most common rest times given between each ST repetition were one to two minutes ( n = 37) and two to three minutes ( n = 37). The most common volume responses for individual training sessions were five to eight sprints ( n = 52) and three to five times per month, respectively. These data suggest strength and conditioning coaches view ST as an integral part of programming, primarily use loads of 20% BW for both short and long sprints and seek to optimize a number of different physiological adaptations. The majority of coaches have a favorable view of ST (88%); however, current training parameters used by strength and conditioning coaches may be inadequate to achieve their desired adaptations.

Improvement by isosorbide dinitrate of exercise-induced regional myocardial dysfunction

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. H399-H405
Author(s):  
T. Kumada ◽  
K. P. Gallagher ◽  
M. Miller ◽  
M. McKown ◽  
F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isosorbide Dinitrate ◽  
Myocardial Function ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Segment Length ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Regional Myocardial Function ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Coronary Obstruction ◽  
Control Exercise

Sonomicrometry was used in 10 conscious dogs to measure regional segment length and dynamic wall thickness by telemetry in a zone supplied by the left circumflex coronary artery after implantation of an ameroid constrictor. When coronary obstruction was nearly complete and collaterals had developed (24-42 days), control exercise and exercise runs after oral isosorbide dinitrate were carried out. During control runs, significant increases occurred in hemodynamic parameters, and percent shortening in normal segments increased (P < 0.01). During the repeat runs after isosorbide dinitrate, there were smaller increases in left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures and significantly reduced end-diastolic dimensions. In addition, percent wall thickening and percent segment shortening in the ischemic zone did not deteriorate significantly during exercise. In this animal model, which appears to mimic chronic single-vessel coronary heart disease, isosorbide dinitrate can prevent exercise-induced deterioration of regional myocardial function.

scholarly journals Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1901-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Favier ◽  
Esperanza Caceres ◽  
Laurent Guillon ◽  
Brigitte Sempore ◽  
Michel Sauvain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Gum Chewing ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Favier, Roland, Esperanza Caceres, Laurent Guillon, Brigitte Sempore, Michel Sauvain, Harry Koubi, and Hilde Spielvogel. Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1901–1907, 1996.—To determine the effects of acute coca use on the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise, 12 healthy nonhabitual coca users were submitted twice to steady-state exercise (∼75% maximal O2 uptake). On one occasion, they were asked to chew 15 g of coca leaves 1 h before exercise, whereas on the other occasion, exercise was performed after 1 h of chewing a sugar-free chewing gum. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, glucagon, and metabolites (glucose, lactate, glycerol, and free fatty acids) were determined at rest before and after coca chewing and during the 5th, 15th, 30th, and 60th min of exercise. Simultaneously to these determinations, cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen uptake, and respiratory gas exchange ratio) were also measured. At rest, coca chewing had no effect on plasma hormonal and metabolic levels except for a significantly reduced insulin concentration. During exercise, the oxygen uptake, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange ratio were significantly increased in the coca-chewing trial compared with the control (gum-chewing) test. The exercise-induced drop in plasma glucose and insulin was prevented by prior coca chewing. These results contrast with previous data obtained in chronic coca users who display during prolonged submaximal exercise an exaggerated plasma sympathetic response, an enhanced availability and utilization of fat (R. Favier, E. Caceres, H. Koubi, B. Sempore, M. Sauvain, and H. Spielvogel. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 650–655, 1996). We conclude that, whereas coca chewing might affect glucose homeostasis during exercise, none of the physiological data provided by this study would suggest that acute coca chewing in nonhabitual users could enhance tolerance to exercise.

scholarly journals Gender based EEG before and after acute bout of aerobic exercise

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Nirmala Limbu ◽  
Ramanjan Sinha ◽  
Meenakshi Sinha ◽  
Bishnu Hari Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Almost All

Objective: We aimed to investigate how EEG frequency bands change in females in response to acute exercise compared to males.Methods: Consenting healthy adult females (n=15) & males (n=15) bicycled an ergometer at 50% HRmax for 20 min. EEG was recorded using 10-20 system from mid-frontal (F4 & F3), central (C4 & C3), parietal (P4 & P3), temporal (T4 & T3) & occipital (O2 & O1) regions. Exercise-induced EEG changes were compared between two sexes by Mann Whitney test. EEG power (μV2) is presented as median & interquartile range.Results: In females, as compared to males, resting right side delta, alpha, and beta activities were more in almost all recorded sites [delta: F4= 49.82 (44.23-63.56) vs. 35.5 (32.70-44.44), p < 0.001; etc], [alpha F4: 127.62 (112.89-149.03) vs. 49.36 (46.37-52.98), p < 0.001; etc], [beta F4= 18.96 (15.83-25.38)  vs. 14.77 (10.34-17.55), p < 0.05; C4= 21.16 (18.4-25.9) vs. 15.48 (9.66-19.40), p < 0.01; etc]. Similarly, females resting right theta activity was more in parietal [P4= 33.04 (25.1-42.41) vs. 22.3 (18.36-34.33), p < 0.05] & occipital [O2= 50.81 (30.64-66.8) vs. 26.85 (22.18-34.42), p < 0.001] regions than in males. They had similar picture on the left side also. The delta values of right alpha power was less in female in frontal [F4= -11.61 (-45.24 -3.64) vs. 9.48 (1.05-16.58), p < 0.01] and central [C4= -72 (-32.98-9.48) vs. 22.69 (13.03-33.05), p < 0.01] regions compared to males. Also, they had less delta values of left central alpha [C3= -8.32 (-32.65-6.1) vs. 16.5 (0.36-36.36), p < 0.01] and temporal beta [T3= -6.29 (-10.09- -1.49) vs. 1.24 (-0.84- 2.8), p < 0.001] power compared to males.Conclusion: At rest females may have high EEG powers in different bands. In response to acute exercise, they respond in reverse way as compared to males.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i2.11116Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(2) 2015 30-35

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