IMPACTS ON INTERTIDAL EPIBIOTA: EXXON VALDEZ SPILL AND SUBSEQUENT CLEANUP

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Houghton ◽  
Allan K. Fukuyama ◽  
Dennis C. Lees ◽  
William B. Driskell ◽  
Gary Shigenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Treatment Monitoring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Littoral Habitats

ABSTRACT Following the Exxon Valdez spill, several approaches were used to remove crude oil from the beaches of Prince William Sound. Pre- and post-treatment monitoring in 1989 documented the severe short-term impacts to intertidal epibenthos of hot water wash treatments widely used to remove stranded oil. Quantitative field surveys were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate recovery of littoral habitats from the effects of oiling and hot water washing. Stratified random sampling was used to assess epibiota at sites representing several habitats and degrees of disturbance. Effects of hot water treatments applied in 1989 remained visible in intertidal assemblages through 1991. Some hot water-treated rocky beaches that had been stripped of biota at middle and upper intertidal elevations showed little colonization by 1990. In 1990, statistically significant differences were noted between variables measured on unoiled beaches and those same variables on hot water-treated beaches. On other oiled rocky beaches that received less severe or no treatment, the majority of the community dominants, including rockweed, mussels, barnacles, limpets, drills, and littorines, survived the oiling. While these populations were still depressed below abundance levels on unoiled beaches in May 1991, by July recovery of most species had raised abundances to levels seen on unoiled beaches. In the summer of 1991, few statistically significant differences remained between the biota of unoiled rocky shores and those of hot water-washed shores, but full recovery is still several years away in many areas.

Impacts of the Exxon Valdez Spill and Subsequent Cleanup on Intertidal Biota—1 Year Later

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Houghton ◽  
Dennis C. Lees ◽  
William B. Driskell ◽  
Alan J. Mearns
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Gravel Beaches ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
Littoral Habitats

ABSTRACT A substantial amount of the crude oil which spilled from the tanker Exxon Valdez on March 24, 1989, was deposited on beaches in Prince William Sound. Major beach cleanup activities began in May and continued throughout the summer of 1989. Additional cleanup activities occurred during the summer of 1990. A study was conducted in 1989 to document the short-term impact to biota of hot water wash treatments. Additional field surveys were conducted in the summer of 1990 to evaluate recovery of littoral habitats from the effects of oiling and shoreline treatment. Stratified-random sampling was used to assess epibiota and infauna at 27 sites, representing several habitats and degrees of disturbance. Preliminary data evaluations indicate that treatment methodologies applied in 1989 had varied effects on intertidal assemblages. Some treated rocky beaches were stripped of flora and fauna at mid- and upper intertidal elevations and showed relatively little colonization by mid summer 1990. On other oiled rocky beaches that received less severe or no treatment, the majority of the community dominants remained in place and significant recolonization was underway. Protected sand and gravel beaches subjected to hydraulic treatments displayed greatly altered beach morphology. Finer sands and gravels were flushed from upper intertidal elevations, often burying the lower beach in several centimeters of sediment, resulting in major reductions in infauna in 1990. Oiled but untreated sand and gravel beaches had a rich and varied infauna. The effects of 1989 shoreline treatment activities on intertidal flora and fauna were significant and widespread and will greatly complicate assessment of the long-term impacts of the oil itself.

scholarly journals PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND INTERTIDAL BIOTA SEVEN YEARS LATER: HAS IT RECOVERED?

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Houghton ◽  
Robert H. Gilmour ◽  
Dennis C. Lees ◽  
William B. Driskell ◽  
Sandra C. Lindstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Associated Fauna ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
Rocky Habitats ◽  
Water Treatments

ABSTRACT Eight years of quantitative biological and chemical data have been analyzed for trends in recovery of biota inhabiting beaches in Prince William Sound following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and subsequent shoreline treatments. Sampling has focused on biota at sheltered rocky and mixed-soft sites subjected to three degrees of disturbance (unoiled, oiled but not hot-water washed, and oiled/hot-water washed). Only epibiota on sheltered rocky habitats are covered in this paper. The majority of community dominants survived 1989 on oiled rocky shores that were not high-pressure, hot-water washed. These areas appeared to be nearly completely recovered by 1991, although subsequent monitoring has revealed oscillations in species abundances that exceed those on unoiled beaches. Hot-water treatments used in 1989 had severe short-term impacts on intertidal epibenthos. Some high-pressure, hot-water-treated rocky shores stripped of biota in 1989 showed very slow colonization through 1995; other areas that appeared to be nearly recovered in 1992 suffered severe declines in dominant taxa in 1995. The dominant age class of rockweed, which began life following hot-water treatment, matured in 1993 and died off in 1994 and 1995, resulting in declines of associated fauna. A new cycle of rockweed colonization has begun, and some recovery of rockweed and associated fauna was observed in 1996.

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Processing Short-Term Hot-Water Treatments on Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh-Cut Apple Slices

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rux ◽  
Efe ◽  
Ulrichs ◽  
Huyskens-Keil ◽  
Hassenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
Apple Slices ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Quality And Shelf Life

Processing, especially cutting, reduces the shelf life of fruits. In practice, fresh-cut fruit salads are, therefore, often sold immersed in sugar syrups to increase shelf life. Pre-processing short-term hot-water treatments (sHWT) may further extend the shelf life of fresh-cuts by effectively reducing microbial contaminations before cutting. In this study, fresh-cut ‘Braeburn’ apples, a major component of fruit salads, were short-term (30 s) hot water-treated (55 °C or 65 °C), partially treated with a commercial anti-browning solution (ascorbic/citric acid) after cutting and, thereafter, stored immersed in sugar syrup. To, for the first time, comprehensively and comparatively evaluate the currently unexplored positive or negative effects of these treatments on fruit quality and shelf life, relevant parameters were analyzed at defined intervals during storage at 4 °C for up to 13 days. Compared to acid pre-treated controls, sHWT significantly reduced the microbial loads of apple slices but did not affect their quality during the 5 day-standard shelf life period of fresh-cuts. Yeasts were most critical for shelf life of fresh-cut apples immersed in sugar syrup. The combination of sHWT and post-processing acid treatment did not further improve quality or extend shelf life. Although sHWT could not extend potential maximum shelf life beyond 10 d, results highlighted the potentials of this technique to replace pre-processing chemical treatments and, thus, to save valuable resources.

scholarly journals Bald Eagles in Alaska Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-233
Author(s):  
Marjorie J. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Prince William Sound ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Despite initial concerns about the impact of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on bald eagles in Prince William Sound, accumulating evidence indicates that the area's eagle population is doing well. This paper presents and discusses the 1989 data collected during the Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island Eagle Capture and Short-term Rehabilitation Programs, as well as 1990 data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's operational field surveys.

PERSISTENCE AND WEATHERING OF EXXON VALDEZ OIL IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE—3.5 YEARS LATER

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Miles O. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Detailed Chemical

ABSTRACT Intertidal surveys of 18 stations in Prince William Sound have been repeated up to 12 times between September 1989 and August 1992. Four of the stations were set-asides where no treatment was conducted. Shoreline treatment techniques applied at the other stations included: hot-water flushing, nutrient addition, manual removal, berm relocation, and sediment tilling. Over 800 sediment samples have been analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. Detailed chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been conducted on over 100 samples to track weathering patterns of the persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Shoreline environments studied include: cobble/boulder platforms with berms, bayhead beaches, sheltered rubble slopes, and sheltered bedrock. Major conclusions are:Surface oil was reduced to very small amounts as of 1991, though there was little change between 1991 and 1992, particularly in sheltered environments.Oil penetrated deeply into gravel storm berms, beyond the depth of annual reworking. Berm relocation was required to speed removal of this highly stranded oil at 30 locations and it was very effective. The normal beach profile was reestablished after one storm season at many sites, depending upon the magnitude of the operation and rates of longshore sediment transport.On some gravel beaches, oil penetrated to greater than 50 cm in the upper intertidal zone. By August 1992, only the deepest layer of oil, greater than 25 cm, remained. This residual oil was moderately weathered, showing removal of all 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rubble shores, oil had penetrated the loose surface deposits. The subsurface oil showed significant weathering but it was much slower than other areas, and still contained some 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rocky shores, oil was more persistent and likely to form pavements in the upper intertidal zone on sites not treated.

IMPACTS ON INTERTIDAL INFAUNA: EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND CLEANUP

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Driskell ◽  
Allan K. Fukuyama ◽  
Jonathan P. Houghton ◽  
Dennis C. Lees ◽  
Gary Shigenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

ABSTRACT Field surveys were conducted throughout Prince William Sound in the summers of 1990 through 1992 to evaluate recovery of infauna from the effects of oiling and shoreline cleaning treatments following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Infauna were quantitatively sampled at mixed sand/gravel/cobble beaches categorized into treatment groups according to their general degree of disturbance.Category 1: unoiled reference sitesCategory 2: oiled sites, not hot-water-washedCategory 3: oiled sites, “cleaned” with hot-water flushes Shoreline treatments applied in 1989 and 1990 had varied effects on intertidal infauna including organism displacement and burial, thermal stress, oil dispersion, and transformed beach morphology. These treatments resulted in significant reductions in infauna (total abundance and diversity, as well as densities of polychaetes, bivalves, and some crustaceans) at Category 3 beaches. In contrast, Category 2 beaches had a richer and more varied infauna than Category 3 beaches. Multivariate analyses indicate some trends in recovery: namely, a convergence by certain Category 2 sites toward the Outside Bay, Category 1 control site. PAH concentrations in 1990 also suggest that treatments acted to move some hydrocarbons downslope from the upper beach into the shallow subtidal. By 1991, PAH concentrations in the shallow subtidal were no longer at the high levels seen in 1990, but PAH levels at other elevations of Category 3 sites remained at about the same levels as in 1990.

Alfa fibers for Cereplast bio-composites reinforcement: Effects of chemical and biological treatments on the mechanical properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110060
Author(s):  
Mouna Werchefani ◽  
Catherine Lacoste ◽  
Hafedh Belguith ◽  
Chedly Bradai
Keyword(s):  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Alfa Fibers ◽  
Charpy Impact Testing ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
The Impact

The present work is a comparative study of the impact of Alfa fiber modifications on the Cereplast composites mechanical behavior. Various treatments have been employed, including mechanical, soda, saltwater-retting, hot-water treatments and enzymatic treatment using xylanase. Chemical and morphological analyses were carried out in order to determine the changes of the biochemical composition and the dimensions of fibers. Cereplast composites reinforced with Alfa fibers were fabricated using a twin-screw extrusion followed by an injection molding technique with a fiber load of 20 wt. %. Resulting materials were assessed by means of tensile, flexural and Charpy impact testing. Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis was carried out to investigate the interfacial properties of the composites. The results have shown a significant enhancement of mechanical strengths and rigidities for the xylanase-treated fiber composites, owing to the increase of cellulose content, the enhancement of defibrillation level and the improvement of matrix-fiber adhesion. The data proved that the technology of enzymes can be used as a powerful and eco-friendly approach to modify fiber surfaces and to increase their potential of reinforcement.

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