PERSISTENCE AND WEATHERING OF EXXON VALDEZ OIL IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE—3.5 YEARS LATER

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Miles O. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Detailed Chemical

ABSTRACT Intertidal surveys of 18 stations in Prince William Sound have been repeated up to 12 times between September 1989 and August 1992. Four of the stations were set-asides where no treatment was conducted. Shoreline treatment techniques applied at the other stations included: hot-water flushing, nutrient addition, manual removal, berm relocation, and sediment tilling. Over 800 sediment samples have been analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons. Detailed chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been conducted on over 100 samples to track weathering patterns of the persistence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Shoreline environments studied include: cobble/boulder platforms with berms, bayhead beaches, sheltered rubble slopes, and sheltered bedrock. Major conclusions are:Surface oil was reduced to very small amounts as of 1991, though there was little change between 1991 and 1992, particularly in sheltered environments.Oil penetrated deeply into gravel storm berms, beyond the depth of annual reworking. Berm relocation was required to speed removal of this highly stranded oil at 30 locations and it was very effective. The normal beach profile was reestablished after one storm season at many sites, depending upon the magnitude of the operation and rates of longshore sediment transport.On some gravel beaches, oil penetrated to greater than 50 cm in the upper intertidal zone. By August 1992, only the deepest layer of oil, greater than 25 cm, remained. This residual oil was moderately weathered, showing removal of all 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rubble shores, oil had penetrated the loose surface deposits. The subsurface oil showed significant weathering but it was much slower than other areas, and still contained some 2-ring PAHs.On sheltered rocky shores, oil was more persistent and likely to form pavements in the upper intertidal zone on sites not treated.

IMPACTS ON INTERTIDAL EPIBIOTA: EXXON VALDEZ SPILL AND SUBSEQUENT CLEANUP

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Houghton ◽  
Allan K. Fukuyama ◽  
Dennis C. Lees ◽  
William B. Driskell ◽  
Gary Shigenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Treatment Monitoring ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exxon Valdez ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Upper Intertidal ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Littoral Habitats

ABSTRACT Following the Exxon Valdez spill, several approaches were used to remove crude oil from the beaches of Prince William Sound. Pre- and post-treatment monitoring in 1989 documented the severe short-term impacts to intertidal epibenthos of hot water wash treatments widely used to remove stranded oil. Quantitative field surveys were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to evaluate recovery of littoral habitats from the effects of oiling and hot water washing. Stratified random sampling was used to assess epibiota at sites representing several habitats and degrees of disturbance. Effects of hot water treatments applied in 1989 remained visible in intertidal assemblages through 1991. Some hot water-treated rocky beaches that had been stripped of biota at middle and upper intertidal elevations showed little colonization by 1990. In 1990, statistically significant differences were noted between variables measured on unoiled beaches and those same variables on hot water-treated beaches. On other oiled rocky beaches that received less severe or no treatment, the majority of the community dominants, including rockweed, mussels, barnacles, limpets, drills, and littorines, survived the oiling. While these populations were still depressed below abundance levels on unoiled beaches in May 1991, by July recovery of most species had raised abundances to levels seen on unoiled beaches. In the summer of 1991, few statistically significant differences remained between the biota of unoiled rocky shores and those of hot water-washed shores, but full recovery is still several years away in many areas.

scholarly journals Effect of relative humidity on SOA formation from isoprene/NO photooxidation: role of particle-phase esterification under dry conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 5407-5433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
J. D. Surratt ◽  
Y. H. Lin ◽  
J. Bapat ◽  
R. M. Kamens
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of isoprene under initially high-nitric oxide (NO) conditions was investigated in a dual outdoor smog chamber. Based upon particle volume concentration measurements and the detailed chemical characterization of isoprene SOA using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-Q-TOFMS), enhanced SOA formation was observed under lower RH conditions (15–40%) compared to higher RH conditions (40–90%). 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) and its corresponding oligoesters, which have been previously shown to form from further oxidation of methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), were enhanced in the particle-phase under lower RH conditions. In addition, an abundant unknown SOA tracer likely derived from the further oxidation of MPAN was detected and enhanced under lower RH conditions. In contrast, the 2-methyltetrols, which are known to form from the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low-NO conditions in the presence of acidified aerosol, did not substantially vary under different RH conditions; however, isoprene-derived organosulfates were found to be enhanced under high-RH conditions, indicating the likely importance of the aqueous aerosol phase in their formation. Based upon the detailed chemical characterization results, particle-phase organic esterification is proposed to explain the observed enhancements of isoprene SOA mass under lower RH conditions. This is one of only a few chamber studies that have examined the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation. In comparison to our recent results obtained from aromatic SOA formation, the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation is reversed. The results of this study highlight the importance of elucidating the key reactive intermediates that lead to SOA formation, especially since RH likely affects their ability in forming SOA. Furthermore, ignoring the effects of RH may significantly affect the accuracy of both regional and global SOA models.

The use of Defensible Analytical Chemical Measurements for Oil Spill Natural Resource Damage Assessment

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Sauer ◽  
Paul Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Epa Methods

ABSTRACT Scientific research on and natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) of oil spill incidents require the appropriate selection and application of analytical chemical and data interpretation techniques. Estimates of injuries to natural resources (surface waters, geological resources, biological resources), determinations of pathways of exposure, and assessment of recoverability and recovery of injured resources should, in part, be based on methods that are scientifically. defensible and acceptable in their application to the regulatory and legal communities. Recent spill incidents underline the need for significant revision of regulatory methods (such as EPA-approved procedures), so as to target the spilled material (petroleum) and its specific chemical composition. Standard operating procedures for the determination of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and compositions (normal alkanes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) of environmental samples have been drafted for use in oil spill assessments. These methods rely on the use of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods that target specific indicators of source material composition and weathering processes. These proposed methods for analysis of oil spill assessment environmental samples are contrasted with EPA methods such as EPA Method 418.1 (total petroleum hydrocarbons), EPA Methods 625 and 8270 (GC/MS analyses of semivolatile priority pollutant organics), and other methods. Using data from three recent oil spills as examples, this paper examines the current “approved” methods for the analysis of environmental samples, and contrasts the scientific rigor and defensibility of the recommended GC (saturated hydrocarbons) and GC/MS (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclics) methods for oil spill chemical analyses in NRDA programs. The approaches presented are recommended as important elements of future technical guidance documents relating to the NRDA federal regulations, in contrast with the inappropriate methods now suggested for use in the existing regulations.

scholarly journals Effect of relative humidity on SOA formation from isoprene/NO photooxidation: enhancement of 2-methylglyceric acid and its corresponding oligoesters under dry conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6411-6424 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
J. D. Surratt ◽  
Y. H. Lin ◽  
J. Bapat ◽  
R. M. Kamens
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of isoprene under initially high nitric oxide (NO) conditions (i.e., isoprene/NO ~3) was investigated in a dual outdoor smog chamber. Based upon particle volume concentration measurements and the detailed chemical characterization of isoprene SOA using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-Q-TOFMS), enhanced SOA formation was observed under lower RH conditions (15–40 %) compared to higher RH conditions (40–90 %). 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) and its corresponding oligoesters, which have been previously shown to form from further oxidation of methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), were enhanced in the particle-phase under lower RH conditions. In addition, an abundant unknown SOA tracer likely derived from the further oxidation of MPAN was detected and enhanced under lower RH conditions. In contrast, the 2-methyltetrols, which are known to mainly form from the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low-NO conditions in the presence of acidified aerosol, did not substantially vary under different RH conditions; however, isoprene-derived organosulfates were found to be enhanced under high-RH conditions, indicating the likely importance of the aqueous aerosol phase in their formation. Based upon the detailed chemical characterization results, particle-phase organic esterification is tentatively proposed to explain the observed enhancements of isoprene SOA mass under lower RH conditions. Alternative mechanisms explaining the enhancement of 2-MG and its corresponding oligoesters cannot be completely ruled out. This is one of only a few chamber studies that have examined the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation. In comparison to our recent results obtained from aromatic SOA formation, the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation is reversed. The results of this study highlight the importance of elucidating the key reactive intermediates that lead to SOA formation, especially since RH likely affects their ability in forming SOA. Furthermore, ignoring the effects of RH may significantly affect the accuracy of both regional and global SOA models.

Spectrophotometry Measurement of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hamilton Harbour Sediments

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.P. Murphy ◽  
H. Brouwer ◽  
M.E. Fox ◽  
E. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Hamilton Harbour

Abstract Eighty-one sediment cores were collected to determine the extent of coal tar contamination in a toxic area of Hamilton Harbour. Over 800 samples were analyzed by a UV spectrophotometric technique that was standardized with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The coal tar distribution was variable. The highest concentrations were near the Stelco outfalls and the Hamilton-Wentworth combined sewer outfalls. The total concentration of the 16 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 48,300 m3 of near-surface sediments exceeded 200 µg/g.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Characterization of a Non-Polar Extract of Saffron Stamens in Food Matrix

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 703
Author(s):  
Severino Zara ◽  
Giacomo L. Petretto ◽  
Alberto Mannu ◽  
Giacomo Zara ◽  
Marilena Budroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Matrix ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
By Products

The production of saffron spice generates large quantities of plant by-products: over 90% of the plant material collected is discarded, and a consideration fraction of this waste is plant stamens. This work investigated the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activities of the non-polar fraction extracted from four different saffron flower stamens. The chemical composition of ethereal extracts of the saffron stamens was qualitatively assessed by means of gas–chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed ethereal extracts to possess a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In vitro antibacterial activity of stamen extracts showed no large differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In food matrix microbial analysis of the bacterial strains belonging to the main foodborne pathogen species, including Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20231, Escherichia coli DSM 30083, and Listeria monocytogenes DSM 20600, using low-fat UHT milk, revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of cells (particularly for E. coli and S. aureus with a complete elimination of the population of the two target bacteria following incubation in diethyl ether extracts of saffron stamen (DES) at high concentrations tested, both at 37 °C and 6 °C (for 48 h and 7 days, respectively). A synergic effect was observed when the pathogens were incubated at 6 °C with DES. This work shows these by-products to be excellent sources of bioactive compounds, which could be exploited in high-added-value products, such as food, cosmetics, and drugs.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil From the Leaves of Pterocephalus hookeri

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2098123
Author(s):  
Peng-fei Yang ◽  
Hui Lu ◽  
Qiong-bo Wang ◽  
Zhi-wei Zhao ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Detailed chemical constituents of essential oil from the Pterocephalus hookeri leaves and its antimicrobial activities were investigated in this study. The essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, was characterized by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Among the 90 identified compounds, hexadecanoic acid (21.27%), phytol (8.03%), furfural (7.08%), oleic acid (5.25%), and phytone (4.56%) were the major components. In the antimicrobial assay, the essential oil showed strong inhibitory activities against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 31.3, 62.5, and 125 µg/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from Pterocephalus hookeri.

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