Biochemical and Histopathological Effect of Detarium microcarpum Stem Bark Extract in Wistar Albino Rats

Aim: In this study, the methanol stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpum was evaluated for sub-chronic, biochemical and histopathological studies. Methodology: Sub-chronic toxicity studies was investigated in rats administered with 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg doses of the extract orally for 28 days using standard laboratory procedures after the acute toxicity was carried out. Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be equal to (≥) 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats orally. Serological studies revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at all doses tested, while at 140 mg/kg it caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). At doses of 70 and 140 mg/kg there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in creatinine level. Histopathological studies on the liver showed moderate hepatocellular necrosis at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg, while at 140 mg/kg there was intense hepatocellular necrosis, Kupffer cells and lymphocytes hyperplasia. The Kidney showed intense necrosis of tubules and glomerular necrosis with lymphocytes hyperplasia at all doses tested. The spleen also showed intense lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses with sinusoidal congestion at the lowest dose of 35 mg/kg. The heart showed slight necrosis of cardiac muscle cells at all doses with blood congestion at 35 and 70mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: The study indicates that prolong use of the extract in the management of disease conditions may be associated with some adverse effect of some vital organs.

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In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Detarium microcarpum (Fabaceae) Stem Bark Extract

Thrita ◽

10.5812/thrita.116921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amira Rahana Abdullahi ◽

Sani Malami ◽

Lawal Alhassan Bichi

Keyword(s):

Hematological Parameters ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Detarium Microcarpum ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Background: Malaria is a parasitic infection that is common in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It is estimated to kill one million individuals annually. Detarium microcarpum (Fabaceae family) is used traditionally for the treatment of malaria, diabetes, hypertension, convulsions, pneumonia, leprosy, and meningitis. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antiplasmodial potential and safety profile of the methanol extract of D. microcarpum stem bark. Methods: The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and oral median lethal dose (LD50) estimation. Using curative, suppressive, and prophylactic experimental animal models, antiplasmodial activity was assessed in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei. Biochemical and hematological tests were conducted in rats orally administered with the extract for 28 days. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data, followed by Dunnett's post hoc test. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, and glycosides were found in the extract through phytochemical analysis. When compared to the negative control group, the extract at the tested doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.001) curative, suppressive, and prophylactic effect and significantly (P < 0.001) prolonged the survival time of mice in the treated groups. The extract had an insignificant (P > 0.05) effect on the biochemical and hematological parameters tested. Conclusions: The results suggest that the stem bark extract of D. microcarpum at the doses tested possesses antiplasmodial activity and is relatively safe after short-term use.

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Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract ofNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn.

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/826295 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti ◽

Paresh Pradhan ◽

Sudarshana Borah ◽

Kabita Mahato ◽

Mritunjay Kumar

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Immersion Method ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Stem bark ofNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. was extracted in methanol to evaluate their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic activity was determined on Wistar albino rats by hot plate method, tail flick assay, and tail immersion method using Morphine sulphate as standard drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight and the results were expressed as mean increase in latency after drug administration ± SEM. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by Carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema using diclofenac sodium as standard drug at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight and expressed in terms of mean increase in paw volume ± SEM. Stem bark extract was given at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of body weight. Both standard drugs and extract were administered orally to the animals. Control received distilled water orally. Results showed thatNyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. had potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

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Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v6i430160 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

S. Salihu ◽

C. A. Otitolaiye ◽

M. U. Hizbullah

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

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Effect of Carica papaya L. Stem Bark Extracts on Cholesterol Concentration in Rats Induced with Streptosozin

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202015101011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 01011

Author(s):

Safrida Safrida ◽

Mustafa Sabri

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Stem Bark Extract

This study was designed to determine the effect of Carica papaya L. stem bark extracts on cholesterol concentration in rats induced with glibenclamide. A completely randomized design was used for the experiment which consisted of 6 treatment groups, each group consisted of four rats, as follows:1) KN (negative control, non-diabetic rats); KP, diabetic rats given glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body weight; EP 1, diabetic rats given 0 mg/kg body weight/day extract; EP2, diabetic rats given 100 mg/kg body weight/day extract; and EP3, diabetic rats given 200 mg/kg body weight/day extract, EP4, diabetic rats given 300 mg/kg body weight/day extract for 28 day. The results showed that C. papaya L. stem bark extract decreased (P<0.05) cholesterol levels in diabetic rats. It was concluded that C. papaya L. stem bark extract had potential as anti-hypercholesterolemic in diabetic rats.

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IN-VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA GAERTN F. (SAPOTACEAE)

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-388 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 247-251

Author(s):

Z. Abdullahi ◽

A. A. Jimoh ◽

B. E. Patrick ◽

M. I. Yakubu ◽

D. Mallam

Keyword(s):

Castor Oil ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽

Stem Bark Extract

Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.

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EFFECT OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF BERLINIA GRANDIFLORA HUTCH AND DALZ ON MARKER LIVER ENZYMES IN RATS TREATED WITH CCl4

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i10.27376 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Martin Ntiamoah Donkor ◽

Samuel Yawson Ayikanle ◽

Samuel Adoesomdonkor

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Liver Enzymes ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

The Impact

Objective: The objective of this work was to validate the traditional claim of the use of the stem bark of Berlinia grandiflora in treating liver problems by investigating the effect of its ethanol stem bark extract on maker liver enzymes in vivo.Methods: Groups of Wistar albino rats (6 in each group) were daily treated with CCl4 (2 ml/kg b.w., diluted with olive oil 1:1 v/v, intravenously), followed by oral administration of ethanol stem bark extract of Berlinia grandiflora (ESBG) at doses 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg b.w. respectively, 3 h after the administration of the CCl4. Serum biochemical parameters were measured 24 h at the end of the 7-day treatment period and compared to a group intoxicated with CCl4 (2 ml/kg b.w., diluted with olive oil 1:1 v/v, intravenously) alone.Results: Treatment of rats with ESBG (at doses 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg b.w. orally) reduced the impact of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity on liver maker enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TB), with the 900 mg/kg b.w. showing a significant reduction (p<0.05) compared to the group intoxicated with CCl4. The extract reversed the impact of the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing the concentration of the serum Total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB), with the 900 mg/kg b.w. dose showing a significant increment (p<0.05) compared to the group intoxicated with the CCl4.Conclusion: The investigation of the effect of Berlinia grandiflora on CCl4 induced liver damage revealed that the ethanol extract of the stem bark of the plant was able to reverse the hepatotoxicity, with the 900 mg/kg b.w. dose showing a significant activity.

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Effect of carissa edulis (VAHL) apocynaceae stem bark on hematological parameters in ccl¬4 induced albino rats

International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.14419/ijpt.v9i1.31289 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Y. Y. Izam ◽

B. B. Bukar

Keyword(s):

Hematological Parameters ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Hematological Effect

Aim/Objectives: There are claims that Carissa edulis has positive effects on hematological parameters. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and claimed hematological effect of Carissa edulis on rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride.Method: Thirty six male albino rats were randomly allotted to six groups of six rats per group. The animals were treated with (250, 500 and 1000mg/kg of the stem bark extract of Carissa edulis. The extract was administered daily by gavage to the animals for 28 consecutive days. The 50%v/v Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and olive oil was gavaged twice a week. The animals of the normal control group were given 5ml/kg of distilled water while those of the CCl4 group were administered CCl4 only twice a week.Result: Results of the study showed that the CCl4 group caused a significant decrease in most of the hematological parameters while the extract treated groups showed a significant increase in these parameters.Discussion / Conclusion: This suggests that the ethanolic stem bark extract has erythropoietic, thrombopoietic and positive effect on the immune system.

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Toxicological Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Testicular Oxidative Stress Markers and Histology of Male Rats

Biology Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry ◽

10.14421/biomedich.2020.91.33-37 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37

Author(s):

Elias Adikwu ◽

Ben Ehigiator

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Testicular Function ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Xylopia Aethiopica

Impairment in testicular function can occur through perturbations in testicular oxidative stress markers and histology. Xylopia aethiopica (XE) is used to enhance fertility in males, but with information gap on its effect on testicular oxidative stress markers and histology. The present study assessed the effects of ethanolic stem bark extract of Xylopia aethiopica (EEXA) on testicular oxidative stress markers and histology of male albino rats. Sixty adult male albino rats (200g-250g) were randomly grouped into 4 (A-D) of 15 rats per group. The rats in the control group A (A1-A3) were administered per oral (p.o) with water (0.2 mL/day) for 15, 30 and 60 days respectively. The rats in groups B (B1-B3), C(C1-C3) and D (D1-D3) were administered p.o with EEXA (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day) for 15, 30 and 60 days respectively. The rats were anesthetized at the termination of EEXA administration and were dissected and testes removed. The testes were weighed and evaluated for oxidative stress markers and histology. Testicular weights were decreased in a dose and-time dependent fashion in EEXA-treated rats. Significant decreases in testicular superoxide dismutase, glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels with significant increases in malondialdehyde levels in a dose and time-dependent fashion were observed in rats administered with EEXA. Testicular histology showed cellular necrosis, degeneration and loss of interstitial tissues in rats administered with EEXA. This study observed that EEXA perturbed testicular oxidative markers and histology. Its use may impair testicular function.

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